在沪日本留学生的跨文化适应与身份的现象学研究

发布时间：2018-07-26 10:15

【摘要】：随着社会的发展，科技的日新月异，我们生活的社会正在发生深刻的变革，我们的沟通方式、思维模式也发生了巨大的变化。跨文化交际和跨文化适应正是在这样的社会文化背景下形成的。人类创造了多种多样的文化，而这些文化在历史、政治、社会等不同的情境中表现出不同的形式和内涵。当人们从一种文化情境进入到另一种文化情境，与异域文化的人们沟通交流时，跨文化交际就得以产生。由于受到文化差异、社会环境及心理压力等各种内部和外界因素的制约，人们在面对不同的文化情境时，会不断地进行自我调整、学习和改变，这就是跨文化适应。与此同时，个体对文化身份的认知也会在跨文化适应的过程中发生变化。作为跨文化适应研究中常见的主体，留学生从一个国家来到另一个不同的国家，他们在异国的生活学习过程中也会经历不同程度的跨文化适应过程。本文通过大量的文献梳理发现，过去很多研究都是从心理适应、社会文化适应及学术适应三个维度对留学生的跨文化适应进行研究，对跨文化适应的各个方面进行描述和预测，并提出一些列跨文化适应的应对策略。本文试图采用批判性的视角，探索性的对跨文化适应这一问题进行重新思考。跨文化交际研究的批判转向产生于上世纪90年代。进入21世纪，，大量的批判性跨文化交际研究的文章开始出现。然而，在中国，批判性跨文化交际的研究相对较少。在国外跨文化批判研究的启发下，本文试图对跨文化适应研究领域中普遍存在的西方中心主义观、二元论和实证主义研究方法提出质疑和批评，并指出大多数跨文化适应研究的文章是建立在以西方为中心的话语权力下，从而忽视了他者的存在。此外，这些研究对权力问题也多采取回避和忽视的态度。作为跨文化交际研究领域最常见的研究问题之一，同时也作为人类最显著的特征之一，身份也值得我们重新思考。本文对身份的本质论提出质疑，否认身份是是在时间发展变化过程中保持静止、不变的观点。本文认为身份始终处在动态变化的过程中，而身份认同则是人们在与他人的交往互动过程中，在不同的反对声中，不断建构和相互协商的产物。本文试图采用现象学的研究方法，探索跨文化适应过程中身份认同的本质，即在跨文化适应过程中，身份经历了怎样的变化，是如何发生这样的变化，以及这两者之间的关系。笔者对六名在上海留学的日本留学生进行了深度采访，并对采访数据进行文本分析。分析结果显示，在跨文化适应过程中，身份经历了从“正常”到“差异性”、从同化情感态度到差异性断言的意向性转向，也正是在这一系列的主观活动过程中，旅居者逐渐发生了跨文化适应的转变。
[Abstract]:With the development of society and the rapid development of science and technology, the society in which we live is undergoing profound changes. Cross-cultural communication and cross-cultural adaptation are formed under this social and cultural background. Human beings have created a variety of cultures which show different forms and connotations in different historical, political, social and other situations. Cross-cultural communication occurs when people move from one cultural context to another and communicate with people in foreign cultures. Due to various internal and external factors, such as cultural differences, social environment and psychological pressure, people will constantly adjust, learn and change when facing different cultural situations, which is cross-cultural adaptation. At the same time, the individual's cognition of cultural identity will change in the process of cross-cultural adaptation. As a common subject in cross-cultural adaptation studies, foreign students come from one country to another, and they also experience different degrees of cross-cultural adaptation in the process of life and learning in another country. Through a large number of literature, this paper finds that many studies in the past have studied the cross-cultural adaptation of foreign students from the three dimensions of psychological adaptation, sociocultural adaptation and academic adaptation, and described and predicted all aspects of cross-cultural adaptation. And put forward some cross-cultural adaptation strategies. This paper attempts to rethink the problem of cross-cultural adaptation from a critical perspective. The critical turn of cross-cultural communication came into being in the 90's of last century. In the 21 st century, a large number of critical cross-cultural communication studies began to appear. However, in China, the study of critical cross-cultural communication is relatively rare. Inspired by the cross-cultural critical studies abroad, this paper attempts to question and criticize the western centrism, dualism and positivist research methods that are prevalent in the field of cross-cultural adaptation research. It is pointed out that most of the studies on intercultural adaptation are based on the discourse power centered on the West, thus neglecting the existence of the other. In addition, these studies also take an evasive and neglected attitude toward power issues. As one of the most common research problems in the field of cross-cultural communication, identity is also one of the most prominent characteristics of human beings. This paper questions the essence of identity and denies that identity remains static and invariant in the course of development and change of time. This paper holds that identity is always in the process of dynamic change, and identity is the product of constant construction and mutual negotiation in the process of interaction and interaction with others and in different voices of opposition. This paper attempts to explore the nature of identity in the process of cross-cultural adaptation by using phenomenological research methods, that is, how identity has changed, how such a change has occurred, and the relationship between the two in the process of cross-cultural adaptation. The author conducted an in-depth interview with six Japanese students studying in Shanghai, and analyzed the data of the interview. The results show that, in the process of cross-cultural adaptation, identity has experienced the intentionality turn from "normal" to "difference", from assimilation of emotional attitude to the assertion of difference, and it is in this series of subjective activities. The transcultural adaptation of the sojourners has gradually taken place.
【学位授予单位】：上海外国语大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2014
【分类号】：G05

【共引文献】