清代漕运水手研究

发布时间：2018-01-23 22:52

本文关键词： 清代漕运水手水手行帮私货贸易青帮　出处：《南开大学》2013年博士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：清代人口增长,社会繁荣,但也产生了一系列社会问题,其中人均占有土地日益失调。清政府推出新政摊丁入地,把原来按人头摊派的丁银改为匀入田地缴纳,使贫苦无地人民不但在经济上免除了丁银之苦。户丁编审制度的停止,使他们获得了更多的人身自由,从而加速了人口流动。清代河患严重,以黄河最著,淮河次之。每当河患之时,河北、河南、江苏、山东等省份灾民沿运河下江南就食。漕运绵延几千里,河北、山东一带运河水浅、地形崎岖,需要大量短纤、驳船工人,大量游民加入到漕运工作中。康熙三十五年,为了维持漕运的正常运转,清政府改为每船佥运军一人,其余九名雇佣水手,以协助漕运,从此漕粮运输中雇佣水手制度化。清代基层漕运组织日益增强。每年佥选旗丁领运,再加上雇佣的头舵、水手,整个漕运基层组织人口不下十万,及临时雇佣的剥浅、头纤等人。漕运水手每年运送漕粮及回空,途中多险要之地,漕船的顺利航行需水手间相互合作。加之,运丁苛扣侵蚀及不法之徒欺侮侵扰,水手内部出现了互助互济性组织。明末清初之际,罗教在水手内流传。往来回空水手借居罗教庵堂吃素念经,日久相率皈依罗教。罗教与互助性的漕运水手组织相结合以一种民间宗教组织形式在水手中发展。雍乾年间,漕运水手组织内罗教组织出现分化。乾隆中叶,随着罗教庵堂转移到老堂船上,罗教组织内帮会权利系统的建立,漕运水手罗教组织已具备秘密会社的主要特征。罗教组织分化出的小宗派,相互排斥,争夺生计,在整个运河水系形成了对峙局面。为优恤运军,弥补薪资不足,清政府允许漕船在重运、回空之际,携带一定数额的免税货物,称之为土宜。漕船运输土宜对运河沿岸城市的繁荣起到一定作用,有利于南北物资的流通、平抑京师物价,促进了国内的经济繁荣、政治稳定。为了获得更大利益,漕船违背了政府对土宜数额、种类的限制。老官(漕运水手行帮水手之首领称为老官)视漕船为己业,为了通过漕船携带土宜获得更多利益,不同船帮间为了争驾漕船而发生械斗。漕船水手的私货运销活动成了水手行帮的内聚力。清中叶后漕运系统弊端丛生,漕务各级官吏,皆籍其参与之便,从中贪污索贿。为了应付各方勒索,运军不得不致力于私货贸易,致使私货贸易更加盛行。清中后期,漕运水手行帮力量扩张,促进了漕船走私活动。在各方合作下,漕船私货贸易逐渐形成了庞大的走私网络。太平天国运动与黄河铜瓦厢改道使得漕运中断,运丁、水手问题成为各方争论的话题之一。到太平天国时期,漕运水手问题真正浮现出来。水手除了因失业滋事之外,还纷纷加入到其他各种社会势力中。这些社会势力主要的经济来源以贩运私盐为主。从而,失业之水手又回到昔日私货贸易网络中去了。他们今日之贸易对象,仍是昔日之私货贸易对象。河运停止,失业水手脱离漕运系统,流转各地的成员又回到昔日人际网络中去。漕运制度为漕运水手行帮的出现提供了赖以生存的制度基础,漕运系统之弊端与水手之生活境地促进了水手行帮的发展,壮大行帮势力。政府为了稳定漕运秩序,对运军、水手进行补贴,允许携带土宜,因此私货贸易产生。漕船私货贸易数额的增加,在一定程度上强化了水手行帮的发展,水手行帮的发展又促进了私货贸易的进行。清末,漕粮河运停止,水手被遣散。漕运水手行帮组织得以维系并进一步衍生出许多帮会组织。为了维持帮会组织的正常运行,失业水手又从事昔日私货贸易,继续维持昔日的人际网络与行为模式。
[Abstract]:In Qing Dynasty, population growth, social prosperity, but also produced a series of social problems, of which the per capita land increasingly imbalanced. The Qing government launched the new deal into the small share of the original, according to the head of the small silver to apportion evenly into the fields to pay, poor people not only in economy from Ding Yinzhi stop households bitter. Ding pipeline system, so that they have more freedom, thus speeding up the flow of population in Qing Dynasty. The river suffered from the Yellow River to the Huaihe times. When the river with Hebei, Henan, Jiangsu, Shandong and other provinces, the victims of Jiangnan. Eating along the canal canal stretches thousands of miles, Hebei. Shandong in the vicinity of the canal water is shallow, rugged terrain, need a large number of staple, bargee, a large number of homeless to transport work. Kangxi thirty-five years, in order to maintain the normal operation of the canal, to the Qing government in all transport per ship, the Yujiu hired to assist the seaman. Water transport, employment system and seaman grain transportation.
The transport organization is growing. The Qing Dynasty all year's election brought Ding Yun, head of the rudder, plus hire seaman, whole transport organizations at the grass-roots level population under one hundred thousand, and temporary employment of stripping shallow, head of fiber et al. Water transport grain and seaman annually shipped back, and more on the way of the transport ship is sailing. To cooperate with each other. And the seaman, Yun Ding Kekou erosion and outlaw bullying harassment, seaman appeared inside the mutual aid organization. In late Ming Dynasty, the Luo sect spread in seaman. Seaman Juluo taught by the empty room with a vegetarian chanting, long to teach. Luojiao fraction era combined with mutual grain seaman to organize a religious organization in the seaman. Yongzheng years, transport organization seaman Luo taught tissue differentiation. Qianlong period, with the transfer to the old hall in Luojiao boat, Luo Jiao gang organization rights system construction The main features of water transport, seaman Luo taught organization already has secret societies. Luojiao tissue differentiation of the small denomination, mutual exclusion, for living, in the whole canal formed confrontation.
Military operation for pacifying, make up for the lack of compensation, the Qing government allowed the transport ship in heavy and empty on the occasion, duty-free goods carry a certain amount of soil should be called. The transport ship transport to the soil along the canal in the prosperity of the city play a certain role, is conducive to the circulation of capital goods from north to south, stabilize prices, promote the domestic economic prosperity and political stability. In order to obtain greater benefits, the government should transport ship against the amount of soil type restrictions. The old Officer (chief seaman hangbang seaman called caoyun Laoguan) as the transport ship for industry, in order to pass the transport ship carrying soil should obtain more interests between different Chuanbang in order to drive the transport ship and the ship fights occurred. Cao seaman marketing activities into cohesion of the contraband trade association. Seaman Qing water transport system malpractice, Cao Wu Ji are officials at all levels, their participation in it, from corruption and bribes. In order to cope with the parties to focus on extortion, military operation Contraband trade in contraband trade became more popular. In the late Qing Dynasty, caoyun seaman trade associations promoted the expansion of transport ship smuggling. In the cooperation of all parties, the transport ship contraband trade gradually formed a huge smuggling network.
The movement of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom and the Yellow River Tongwaxiang diversion canal makes transport disruption, Ding, seaman became one of the parties to the debate topic. In the period of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, transport problems emerge seaman. Seaman except for unemployment trouble, also have joined the other various social forces. These social forces the main financial source to trafficking salt. Thus, the unemployment back to the former seaman to contraband trade network. Today they trade object, is still the old trade contraband object. Stop the river, from the water transport system of unemployment seaman, around the back to the former members of the circulation in the network.
The water transport system provides a system foundation for the life situation of seaman hangbang transport, water transport system of seaman abuse and promote the development of the trade association seaman, and hangbang forces. The government in order to stabilize the order of transport, transport troops, seaman subsidies should be allowed to carry contraband trade zone, thus increasing the transport ship of smuggled goods. The amount of trade, to a certain extent, to strengthen the development of the trade association of the seaman, and promote the development of the trade association seaman for contraband trade. In the late Qing Dynasty, the river stopped, seaman dismissed. Seaman transport trade associations to maintain and further develop many Gang organizations. In order to maintain the normal operation of the gang organization, unemployment and engaged in the old seaman contraband trade, continue to maintain the pattern of interpersonal network and the behavior of yore.

【学位授予单位】：南开大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：K249

【参考文献】