两汉教化研究

发布时间：2018-01-28 13:59

本文关键词： 教化儒学力田察举制监察制官学私学刑罚制度民俗　出处：《山东大学》2009年博士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】： 教化实质上是一种辅政措施。教化实施的过程,就是统治者本着相应的教化标准,一方面利用刑罚制度、察举制度、监察制度等强制手段打击反动势力、革除恶俗陋习,另一方面利用道德、礼仪等温和的手段规范人们的行为、培养“良风美俗”的过程。“教化”问题是近二十年来学界研究的一个热点问题。而中国历史上全国范围内的真正意义上的“教化”开始于汉代,自两汉时期起,教化就渗透于国家管理的各个层面,通过“上行下效”影响到社会各个阶层。因此,研究两汉时期的教化的兴起、发展及在实践中与各项社会政策之间的关系,在历史现象中寻求教化的本质,对于研究汉代社会乃至整个古代社会具有比较重要的学术意义。本文在尽可能吸收前人研究成果的基础上,将汉代教化与汉政府的各项制度结合起来,作一系统、动态的考察,以期更全面的了解教化在国家管理中所起的作用,把握教化实践与其它制度之间的互动关系。本文从以下七章展开论述: 第一章,“教化的发展阶段”,分析教化的发展阶段。汉代“教化”概念最先由儒者提出,儒家道德和礼仪标准又是统治者施教最常用的华服,因此儒学的发展与教化的发展密不可分,儒学在汉代的发展历程,恰恰可以反映教化的发展历程。我们拟从西汉前期、西汉中后期至东汉立国前、东汉时期三个时期划分教化的发展阶段。第二章,“教化与汉代经济政策”,分析教化与汉代经济政策之间的关系。“国实民富”是实施教化的前提,又是教化的最初目的之一。汉代经济政策中的劝课农桑、优复特殊群体政策都属于教化的范畴。劝农政策中树立的教化典型“力田”的性质是学界争论的一个焦点,我们作为重点进行论述;享受优复的社会群体设定在基层社会,包括乡里教化之师三老,老人、妇女等弱势群体,以及为发展儒家教育而选拔的博士弟子。特权阶层不在我们的讨论范围之内。第三章,“教化与汉代文教政策”,分析教化与汉代文教政策的关系。作为教化理论来源的汉代儒学是综合先秦各家学说之长的新儒学,儒学“独尊”局面的形成促进了汉代教化理论的发展,儒吏作为施教的主体历来是学界论述的重点,汉代儒学发展与教化之间存在密不可分的关系,因此儒学教化从各学派教化理论中脱颖而出是社会发展的必然。汉代儒学的迅猛发展应归功于教育,包括官学教育与私学教育。“教”的意义包含教育,教育是取得“更化”的主要方式。儒学教育的繁荣促进了汉代教化网络的形成。在这个教化网络中,三老扮演着重要的角色。第四章,“教化与察举制度的关系”,分析教化与察举制度的关系。选官制度作为一种激励政策,与教化有相通之处。而且,察举科目中的孝、弟、力田等都属于基层社会的教化典型。因儒家教化的影响,察举制度中渗透了许多教化标准;符合教化标准的察举科目选拔的官吏,往往比较重视地方教化。不过教化毕竟是一种辅政措施,如果察举不实,就会打破二者相互促进的良性循环,转入形式主义。第五章,“教化与汉代监察制度”,分析教化与监察制度的关系。维护清明的吏治和世风是监察官的重要职能,这也是教化的目的之一。汉代具有监察职能的循行使者、郡国守相、县级长吏乃至乡官里吏,往往具有多种职能。监察制度的演变影响了教化的发展;教化对监察制度的影响既有正面的,也有负面的。第六章,“教化与汉代刑罚制度”,分析教化与刑罚制度的关系。汉代教化与法律、刑罚制度的关系是学术界讨论的热点话题,但论者往往着眼于教化与刑罚制度的互动,忽视了二者的地位在两汉的发展演变。“狱讼止息”是汉代教化的理想境界,但是“厌讼”习俗容易粉饰太平,掩盖实际矛盾,导致矛盾激化,使刑罚制度失效。轻视刑罚制度而偏重儒家教化,使得执法官吏在判案过程中,既有可能表现出人性化的一面,又有可能“循礼”而不“守法”,导致复仇之风盛行。第七章,“教化与汉代社会风俗”,分析教化与风俗演变的关系。儒家教化与地方风俗的关系正是雅文化与俗文化的关系,二者之间是相互影响,相互渗透的。促进世风更化是教化的终极目的,“教”化儒者心目中的民间“恶俗”为“良风美俗”,促进“六合同风”;固有的风俗使施教者也不能“免俗”,走向教化的反面。教化对民间的奢侈之风、淫祀之风都有显著的禁绝作用,汉代民间歌谣反映了民众对教化效果的评价。
[Abstract]:Education is essentially a process of the implementation of the measures. The colonial education, is the ruler on the education standard, penalty system, using one hand Chaju, supervision system and other coercive means against the reactionary forces, get rid of bad habits, on the other hand the use of morality, etiquette and isothermal means to regulate people's behavior, training process and American customs. "" the enlightenment "is a hot issue in academic research in recent twenty years. China history truly nationwide on the" indoctrination "began in the Han Dynasty, from the Han Dynasty onwards, teaching permeates every aspect of national management, through the" follow suit "effect to all sectors of society. Therefore, the research of the Han Dynasty and the rise of civilization, the development of the relationship between the social policy and in practice, to seek enlightenment in the nature of the historical phenomenon in the society for the study of the Han Dynasty Even the whole ancient society has more important academic significance.
Based on as much as possible on the results of previous studies, the system will be "Jiaohua" and the combination of a system, a dynamic investigation, in order to fully understand the education played in the national management, grasp the relationship between education and other systems. This article discusses the following the seven chapter:
The first chapter, the development stage of enlightenment, analysis of education development stage. The Han Dynasty "Enlightenment" concept was first put forward by Confucians, Confucian ethics and etiquette standard is the most commonly used teaching ruler costumes, therefore the development and Enlightenment of Confucianism are inseparable, Confucianism in the course of development of Han Dynasty, it can reflect the development of education we intend to. From the early Western Han Dynasty, the late Western Hanzhoung to the Eastern Han nation before the Eastern Han Dynasty during the period of three division education development stage.
The second chapter, "the enlightenment and economic policy of the Han Dynasty, analyzing the relationship between education and the economic policy." the real rich people "is the premise of the implementation of education, and is one of the original purpose of education. The economic policy of attaching importance to agriculture, and complex policy special groups belong to the category of education. Nature advised agricultural policy set of teaching model" force fields "is a focus of academic debate, we discussed as a key; and enjoy complex social groups set in rural society, including the village education division Sanlao, the elderly, women and other vulnerable groups, as well as the development of Confucian education and the selection of doctor students. The privileged is not within the scope of our discussion.
The third chapter, "cultural and policy" of the Han Dynasty, analysis of the relationship between education and educational policy in the Han Dynasty. As the enlightenment theory source of Confucianism in the Han Dynasty is the new Confucianism integrated the theory of various pre Qin Confucianism, the formation of the situation and promote the development of education theory in Han Dynasty, Confucian officials as the subjectivity of teaching has always been the focus of academic the Han Dynasty between the Confucianism development and Enlightenment has close relationship, so the Enlightenment of Confucianism from the school of education in the theory of talent shows itself is an inevitable social development. The rapid development of Confucianism should be attributed to the education, including official education and private education. "Teaching" includes education, education is the main way to achieve "more". The prosperity of Confucian education promotes the formation of "Jiaohua" network. In the network education, people play an important role.
The fourth chapter, "the relationship between" education and the appointment system, analysis of the relationship between education and the appointment system. The system of selecting officials as an incentive policy, there are similarities and enlightenment. Moreover, two subjects in the filial piety, brother, force fields belong to the grassroots community education. Due to the impact of typical Confucian, Chaju contains many educational standards; meet the selection criteria of the election subject education officials, often pay more attention to local education. But the education is a colonial measures, if the election is not real, it will break the two virtuous cycle of mutual promotion, into the formalism.
The fifth chapter, "the enlightenment and supervision system of the Han Dynasty," analysis of the relationship between education and supervision system. To maintain good officials and public morals is an important function of the Ombudsman, one of which is the purpose of enlightenment. The Han Dynasty has the function of supervision emissaries, Junguo observe, Changli County and Xiang Guan Li Li, often have a variety of the evolution of supervision system functions. The influence of the development of education; civilizing influence on supervision system are both positive and also negative.
The sixth chapter, "the enlightenment and punishment system of the Han Dynasty, analysis of the relationship between education and punishment system. Education and legal relationship between the Han Dynasty, the penalty system is a hot topic in academia, but the interaction often focus on education and punishment system, ignoring the evolution in the development of two Chinese two" prison status. First stop is the ideal state of "Jiaohua", but "boredom" custom to whitewash, cover up the real contradictions, leading to conflicts, the penalty system failure. The penal system and the emphasis on Confucian contempt, made the law enforcement officials in the trial process, can show the human side, and possible courtesy "instead of" the law ", lead to revenge in vogue.
The seventh chapter, "the enlightenment and social customs in Han Dynasty", analysis of the relationship between culture and customs. The relationship between Confucian culture and the evolution of local customs is the relation between culture and civilization, between the two is mutual influence, mutual penetration of world wind. Promote more is the ultimate purpose of Enlightenment, "teaching" of the Confucian mind the folk "vulgar" to "good customs", to promote the "six contract wind"; customs make teachers also can not escape, toward the opposite of enlightenment. Enlightenment of folk extravagance, Yinsi wind has not significant effect, the Han Dynasty folk songs reflect the public the evaluation of the teaching effect.

【学位授予单位】：山东大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2009
【分类号】：K234

【引证文献】