王安石变法中的宣传斗争研究

发布时间：2018-02-14 15:43

本文关键词： 王安石变法宣传舆论　出处：《华中科技大学》2012年博士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：北宋建立之初,赵匡胤、赵光义兄弟在汲取前代帝王治国经验的基础上,结合本朝的实际情况,建立了一套新的统治制度。由于该制度本身就有一定的局限性,而后来的继任者又多缺乏创新魄力、惟知谨守家法,最终导致宋王朝陷入了内外交困的境地。宋神宗即位之后,任用王安石主持变法,以求扭转危局。由于社会矛盾由来日久,很早以来统治集团内部就不断传出改革呼声。从这个角度看,这次变法确实具有一定的舆论基础。与此同时,黄老思想的流行、对祖宗之法的崇拜和压制创新精神的官僚管理制度又导致北宋的社会风气中有十分保守的一面。变法发动以后,士大夫们在人材选用标准、变法合理性、改革路线等问题的认识上无法达成一致。历史的隐患和现实的分歧,使士大夫群体分裂出支持变法与反对变法两个子群体。双方在进奏院、台谏、行政、教育、科举考试、文学等领域展开了一场旨在影响皇帝、士大夫、百姓态度和行为的宣传斗争。宋是中国古代社会中新闻传播最为发达的王朝,在官府有进奏院统一发行的进奏院状,在民间有非法出版的小报。但是,不论是进奏院状还是小报,都与进奏院关系密切,故双方的新闻宣传斗争便集中于此。为更好地控制和利用进奏院,变法群体调整了进奏院监官的选拔标准,创办了中国最早的新闻月报。反变法群体自然也不甘失败,总是设法进行抵制。由于双方在维护王朝稳定方面的立场-致,因此斗争中也有妥协。定本制度的迅速废除、进奏院监管法令的顺利颁布,便是这种妥协性的集中表现。在专制时代,行政组织是整个社会系统中最为高效的信息传播渠道。变法与反变法群体在中央决策形成、发布和落实的各个环节均展开过激烈的宣传斗争。台谏是宋代官场的舆论中心,因此变法刚刚发动,反变法群体就组织台谏官鼓动舆论、攻击新法。变法群体一面通过申辩驳斥来降低他们造成的不利影响,一面借助撤换台谏官、规范风闻制度来削弱对手在台谏中的力量。宋代的经筵讲学具有教育皇帝和规谏皇帝的双重功能。变法群体和反变法群体均试图通过讲学来劝说神宗接受自己的政治主张,有时双方甚至会在讲学过程中发生面对面的争论。宋代面向社会的教育系统有官学、私学之分。变法群体主要通过改善官学办学条件、加强对学官控制、改革教材等手段控制官学,使之成为宣传变法理论的主要渠道。仕途上失意的反变法官员无法控制官学,便通过创办私学来宣传自己的政治主张。宋代的选官考试在社会各阶层中具有广泛的影响力,可以被用来贯彻皇帝或大臣的思想意图。变法群体和反变法群体为了实现各自的政治主张,便围绕着命题权、录取权等展开争夺。宋代是中国古代社会中文学最为繁盛的时代之一,而卷入变法斗争的官员中有很多都是当时著名的文学巨匠。他们纷纷吟诗作文,或抨击政敌,或讴歌同道。旷日持久的口舌之斗,对变法产生了巨大的破坏作用。首先,变法群体论甘而忌辛,反变法群体好丹而非素,使政坛的包容性越来越小、离心力越来越大,难以形成同心协力、共创伟业的氛围；其次,对立舆论的强大压力,迫使变法群体调整原有计划,降低了除旧布新的力度；再次,激烈的争论将内部矛盾公之于众,影响了社会环境的稳定。当然,经久不息的笔墨之辩,也有积极的一面。其一,它有利于变法群体注意时刻保持清醒的头脑,谨慎决策、认真管理,从而减少不必要的失误和损失；其二,它有利于促进部分反变法者更深入地理解新法,转变认识。按照改革发动的背景不同,中国古代社会的改革可以划分为前瞻式改革、修复式改革和重建式改革。前瞻式改革是在现行制度未造成重大破坏之前组织实施的改革。由于借助制度漏洞而谋取权益的群体尚未形成强大的势力,他们很难与获得领导权的改革者进行对等的宣传斗争。修复式改革是指在社会制度的弊端已经完全暴露的形势下进行的改革。旧制度庇佑下的利益集团已经十分强大,他们会设法控制各种宣传渠道,与改革者进行对抗。因此,这一模式的改革通常伴有十分激烈的宣传斗争。重建式改革是指王朝、政权更迭后,新的统治集团在恢复生产、确立新秩序的同时所进行的制度创新。在重建式改革前发生了政权转移,旧势力遭到沉重打击,主张改革的新贵攫取了足够的权力,他们很容易在宣传上占据上风。政权与外部环境的关系也会对改革中的宣传斗争产生很大的影响。如果一个政权处在封闭的状态或者与之有联系的政权落后于自己,改革一方就很难在宣传上占据主动；反之则可能极大提高改革者在宣传斗争中获胜的几率。王安石变法属于一种典型的修复式改革,而且北宋面对的又是辽和西夏这样落后的少数民族政权。这就注定了变法宣传要获得成功是异常艰难的。
[Abstract]:The beginning of the establishment of the Northern Song Dynasty, Zhao Kuangyin, the Zhao Guangyi brothers in the basis of emperors before country experience, combined with the actual situation of this dynasty, established a new rule system. Because the system itself has some limitations, and later successors and lack of innovation and courage, but to know others eventually the Song Dynasty into the situation beset with troubles internally and externally.
Song Shenzong ascended the throne after the appointment of Wang Anshi presided over the political reform, in order to reverse the situation. Because of the social contradiction origin of long, long since the rule within the group will continue to spread the voice of reform. From this point of view, this reform had certain foundation of public opinion. At the same time, Huang Laosi to popular worship of ancestors and suppressed the spirit of innovation the bureaucratic management system leads to a very conservative social climate in the Northern Song Dynasty.
The reform officially launched later literati in the talent selection criteria, political rationality, understanding the reform route problem can not reach agreement on. Risks of history and the reality of the differences, the literati group split into the support of reform and opposed reform in two sub groups. Both sides played into the hospital, Taijian, administration, education, examination the field of literature, launched a to the emperor, literati, people's attitude and action campaign.
The Song Dynasty is the most developed for news dissemination Chinese in ancient society, the government has played into the hospital uniform issue played into the hospital, illegal tabloid in folk. However, whether it is played into the hospital like or tabloid, and played into the hospital closely, so the two sides will focus on the news propaganda struggle this. For better control and use played into the hospital reform, adjust the group played into the hospital supervisor selection criteria, China founded the earliest news report. Anti reform groups are unwilling to fail, try to resist. As the two sides in maintaining stable position - Dynasty, therefore also struggle a compromise. The system quickly abolished, played into the hospital supervision act smoothly promulgated, it is the concentrated expression of this compromise.
In the autocratic era, administrative organizations are the most efficient channels of information dissemination in the whole social system. There are fierce propaganda campaigns in all aspects of the central decision making, issuance and implementation of the reform and anti reform groups.
Taijian is the Song Dynasty official media center, the reform has just started, anti reform groups on the organization of Taiwan admonisher aroused public opinion, attack the law. Reform groups to reduce the adverse side through their impact to refute, replace the Taiwan side by means of imperial standard system to weaken the opponent in the wind in the Taijian power.
Jingyan lecture has double functions of the emperor and the emperor of the Song Dynasty against the education. The reform group and the opposition group triedto persuade Shen Zong to accept his political views, sometimes they occur in the process of giving lectures in the face of controversy. The Song Dynasty society oriented education system has official schools, private schools. The reform group mainly by improving school running conditions, to strengthen government control, reform of teaching materials and other means to control the official school, which has become a major channel for publicity reform theory. An anti reform officials frustrated unable to control the official school, then through the establishment of private schools to promote their own political ideas.
The official election examination in Song Dynasty had wide influence in all social strata. It could be used to carry out the ideological intentions of emperors or ministers.
The Song Dynasty is Chinese ancient society Chinese science is one of the most prosperous era, and involved in the reform struggle officials there are a lot of famous literary giants. They have been writing poems, or attack enemies, or sing their own.
Long lasting debate has the huge destructive effect to the reform. First, the reform on the group of Xin Gan and avoid anti reform groups, good Dan rather than plain, the political tolerance is more and more small, the centrifugal force is more and more big, it is difficult to form together to create Albert atmosphere; secondly, the strong pressure of public opinion opposition forced reform groups, adjust the original plan, reduce the strength; again, fierce debate will internal contradictions affect social environment reveal to the public, the stable. Of course, prolonged debate, there is a positive side. Firstly, it is conducive to the reform of community to always remain sober minded, cautious decision-making. Careful management, thus reducing the unnecessary mistakes and losses; second, it is conducive to the promotion of some anti reform more in-depth understanding of the new law, change of cognition.
According to the different reform launched in the background, the reform Chinese ancient society can be divided into proactive reform, reform and reconstruction repair reform. Prospective reform is to reform the current system did not cause major damage before. Due to the help of the organization and implementation of the loopholes in the system and to seek equity group has not yet formed a powerful force, it is difficult for them to peer the campaign and the leadership of the reformers. Repair reform refers to the reforms in the abuse of social system has been fully exposed under the situation. The interest group protectedby the old system has been very powerful, they will try to control the various publicity channels, to fight against the reformers. Therefore, this pattern is usually accompanied by reform very intense propaganda struggle. The reconstruction reform refers to the dynasty, after the regime change, the new ruling group in the resumption of production, establish new order of business at the same time After the reformist reform, there was a shift in power. The old forces were badly hit. They claimed that the upstart of the reform had enough power, and they were easy to gain the upper hand in propaganda.
The relationship between the regime and the external environment will have a great influence on the reform campaign. If a regime is in closed state or contact the power behind their own party, reform is difficult to take the initiative in the propaganda; otherwise it may greatly improve the probability of winning in the reform campaign of.
Wang Anshi reform belongs to a typical repair reform, and the Northern Song Dynasty is faced with a backward minority regime such as Liao and Xixia. This is bound to be difficult for the reform propaganda to succeed.

【学位授予单位】：华中科技大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：K244

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