尧舜时代研究

发布时间：2018-02-16 06:42

本文关键词： 尧舜时代传说历史文明祭祀文化　出处：《东北师范大学》2007年博士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】： 尧舜时代是上古史中的一个重要阶段,在中国文明发展史上占有重要地位。孔子祖述尧、舜,孟子叙道统亦始于尧、舜。司马迁称:“天下明德皆自虞帝始。”①崔述在《唐虞考信录》中云“尧、舜者,道统之祖,治法之祖,而亦即文章之祖也。”资料表明:黄帝时代是中华文明的源头,尧舜时代是中华文明的孕育期。尧舜时代在探讨中国文明起源及早期国家形成问题上的重要性不言而喻。尧舜时代,文字尚未形成,当时的历史事件、人物事迹只能通过“口耳相传”的方式流传下来。西周以后,尧舜的传说逐渐见于文献典籍,后来这些典籍经历代不断加工改造,给尧、舜披上神话的外衣。尽管如此,古代学者还是肯定尧舜时代。但到二十世纪二三十年代,顾颉刚先生提出了“层累地造成的古史”观,最后形成古史辨派。古史辨派视尧、舜为神话、传说中的人物,否定尧舜时代的存在。由此,中华5000年文明史被缩短。笔者认为要正确看待神话、传说和历史之间的关系。传说中有“史影”,历史记载中有传说。我们要从历史学的视角分析传世文献的可信度及价值的轻重。马克思指出了神话传说的历史意义,他说:“过去的现实又反映在荒诞的神话形式中”,“人物虽然是神话中的人物,但这一点并不重要,因为传说确切地反映了氏族制度。”②另外,考古发掘为研究历史提供了资料来源,如特洛伊城的发现,基本证实了希腊早期历史传说的真实性。上个世纪70年代末,考古工作者在山西襄汾发现了陶寺遗址,陶寺遗址的相对年代相当于尧舜时代,这为研究尧舜时代提供了资料。基于上述事实,笔者运用多重证据法,结合文化人类学等学科的相关知识,解读、阐释尧舜时代。全文共分为三大部分,即导言、正文和结语。导言。首先,对尧舜时代的大背景作了交待,并就传说与历史、文明与文化的关系做了界定。其次,回顾和综述本课题既有的研究成果,总结其研究的价值及不足。最后,阐明本文的研究意义、研究方法和基本思路,明确本文所要解决的基本问题。第一章是有关尧舜时代传说的基本文献资料的分析及其在考古学上的推测。本章首先对先秦、秦汉关于尧舜时代传说的基本资料进行分析。其次,笔者就年代上相当于尧舜时代的山西襄汾陶寺遗址展开讨论,涉及陶寺遗址的年代、分期及出土情况,并对陶寺遗址的族属进行推测。第二章是疑古思潮及对其反思。本章首先论述古代、近代、日本学者和疑古派在尧舜问题上的看法。最后,文章对古史辨派的历史功绩作出评价。第三章是尧舜传略。本章论述尧、舜的主要事迹,并考辨了尧舜的都城、葬地,同时论述尧舜的世系和后裔。第四章是尧舜时代的物质文明、制度文明、精神文明。本章主要围绕尧舜时代的文明发展程度展开论证。首先,从农业、饲养业、手工业、建筑业等方面入手,考察尧舜时代物质文明的发展程度。其次,考察了尧舜时代的制度文明,如礼制、官制、法制、天文历法等。最后,分析了尧舜时代的精神文明发展状况,涉及陶文、绘画、音乐等。第五章是尧舜时代的社会形态。主要考察尧舜时代的社会组织和社会演进问题。首先论证了尧舜时代的社会组织为族邦联合体,然后运用社会进化论论证了尧舜时代处酋邦晚期,国家即将产生。同时,分析了尧舜禅让的性质。最后,论述了中国早期国家的产生。第六章是古代尧舜祭祀文化研究。笔者首先对先秦、秦汉、魏晋南北朝、隋唐宋元明清四个阶段的祭祀活动作了简要回顾,并对每个阶段的尧舜祭祀特点做了分析。然后阐释了古代祭祀尧舜活动的分类和仪式,并简述历代对尧舜祠庙的修建、维护情况。最后,对尧舜祭祀文化的实质加以论述。结语对尧舜时代研究进行总结,并就本文具有创见的主要观点作概括说明。
[Abstract]:Yao era is an important stage in the ancient history, occupies an important position in the history of the development of Chinese civilization. Confucius followed Yao, Shun, Mencius Syria also began to Shun Dao Yao, Sima Qian said: "the world Mingde is from Shun." in the "Tang Yukao Cui Xin Lu > cloud" Yao, Shun, and conquer the orthodoxy of the ancestors, and that is the ancestor of the ancestors, too. "Data shows that: the era of the Yellow Emperor is the source of Chinese civilization, the era of Yao and Shun is the incubation period of Chinese civilization. The era of Yao and Shun on the origin of civilization and early state formation Chinese importance is self-evident problems.
The era of Yao and Shun, text has not yet formed, at the time of the historical events and figures deeds only by "word of mouth" way down. After the Western Zhou Dynasty, the legend had gradually been seen in the literature, then these books experienced reform process, to Yao, Shun with myths. Nevertheless, ancient scholars still sure Yao era but in twentieth Century 20s and 30s, Mr. Gu Jiegang proposed "layer caused by tired ancient history" concept, and finally the formation of Gushi Bian faction. The skeptic regarded Yao, Shun as myths, legends, denial of existence. Thus when the generation of Yao and Shun, 5000 years history of Chinese civilization is shortened.
The author thinks that we should correct view of myth, legend and history. The relationship between the "history of shadow" legend, a legend in recorded history. We have to analyze the credibility and value of the literature handed down from the perspective of history. Marx pointed out the seriousness of the historical significance of legend, he said: "the reality of the past is reflected in the absurd the myth of form", "character is the mythical characters, but this is not important, because the legend reflects exactly the clan system." in addition, the archaeological excavation provides data sources for the study of history, such as the discovery of the Troy City, basically confirmed the authenticity of the early Greek history legend last. In the end of 70s, archaeologists discovered the Taosi site in Shanxi Xiangfen, relative age Taosi is equivalent to the era of Yao and Shun, which provides data for the study of the era of Yao and shun. Based on the above facts, the author applies The weight of evidence method, combined with the relevant knowledge of cultural anthropology, interpretation, interpretation of the era of Yao and shun.
The full text is divided into three parts, that is, the introduction, the text and the conclusion.
Introduction. First of all, to introduce the background of the era of Yao and Shun, and legend and history, the relationship between civilization and culture are defined. Secondly, this paper reviewed and summarized the existing research achievements, summarizes its research value and shortcomings. Finally, it clarifies the significance of this study, research methods and basic ideas, basic clear the problem to solve in this paper.
The first chapter is the analysis of the basic literature about the legend and the era of Yao and Shun speculation in archaeology. The first chapter of the pre Qin, Qin and Han Dynasties the basic information about the legend of the Yao and Shun age were analyzed. Secondly, the author is in the Yu Yaoshun era Shanxi Xiangfen Taosi site are discussed, involving Taosi's stage and unearthed, and the Taosi clan were estimated.
The second chapter is doubting the ancient thoughts and the reflection. This chapter first discusses the ancient, modern and ancient, Japanese scholars doubt in view of Yao and Shun problems. Finally, the article made evaluation of the Gushibian group in history.
The third chapter is the biography. This chapter discusses Yao Yao, Shun main deeds, and distinguishes the burial place of Yao and Shun capital, and discusses the Yao lineage and descendant.
The fourth chapter is the era of Yao and shun material civilization, institutional civilization, spiritual civilization. This chapter mainly focuses on the era of Yao and Shun civilization development degree argumentation. First, from agriculture, husbandry, handicraft industry, construction industry and other aspects of development, clarifies the degree of material civilization. Second, effects of institutional civilization, the era of Yao and Shun such as etiquette, bureaucracy, law, astronomy and so on. Finally, analyzes the development of spiritual civilization, in the era of Yao and Shun involving writing, painting, music and so on.
The fifth chapter is the era of Yao and Shun society. Mainly on Yao era of social organization and social evolution. First discusses the era of Yao and Shun social organization for the nations of the united body, and then use the theory of social evolution demonstrates that the era of Yao and Shun Chiefdom at the late state will produce. At the same time, analyzes the nature of Yao and shun. Finally, the Chinese early the production of the country. The sixth chapter is the study of ancient ritual culture. The author of Yao Qin, Qin and Han Dynasties, Sui and Tang Dynasties, song and Yuan Dynasties
The Ming and Qing Dynasties four stages of ritual activities are briefly reviewed, and the Yao and Shun sacrificial offering the characteristics of each stage is analyzed. Then the author explains the classification and ceremony of ancient sacrifice of Yaosun activities, and the history of the temple of the Yao and Shun built, maintenance. Finally, the essence of the Yao and Shun sacrificial culture are discussed.
The conclusion of the study summed up the era of Yao and Shun, the main views and creative in this paper are introduced.

【学位授予单位】：东北师范大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2007
【分类号】：K21

【引证文献】