清代长沙府书院经费研究

发布时间：2018-02-20 01:23

本文关键词： 清代长沙府书院经费筹措支付管理　出处：《湖南大学》2006年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】： 书院是中国古代特有的文化教育组织,它既是教育机构,又是学术研究基地。其性质介于私学和官学之间,有其独特之处,因而其经费的筹措、支出、管理也都显示出同样的特色:它既不能像官学一样获得政府十分固定的拨款,也不能像私学一样独立地运转自己的经费而进行完全自由的学术研究。但是同时,恰恰正是它因为有了政府的支持而不像私学那样因经费很不稳定而生命力脆弱,也不像官学一样被政府统得太死而没有学术的自由。对于书院来说,如何争得政府的支持,又能进行自由的学术研究,两难而又两益,是需要解决的重要问题。这一问题,必然和书院经费的筹措、支出、管理有着千丝万缕的联系。而中国的书院能够历经千年不衰,也必然和书院经费方面的成功运作密切相连。本文试以清代长沙府书院为例,立足于前人已有的研究成果,就经费方面对书院进行探讨研究。清代长沙府书院较多,有75所;类型齐全,有省会书院,有县级、乡村级书院,因而比较具有代表性。本文从长沙府书院经费的筹措、支付、管理三个方面来探讨。引言部分对自20世纪30年代起有关书院经费问题研究成果进行了回顾和总结,指出其成就与不足。正文包括第二、三、四、五章。第二章就长沙府书院的发展概况作了介绍。长沙府书院自唐代始起,历宋、元、明、清几朝,一直都比较发达。到了清代,书院的教学、祭祀、藏书三大功能得到进一步加强,书院规制也更加完备。第三章为书院经费的筹措。笔者通过长沙府各县县志、各书院志,统计列表,总结了清长沙府书院经费的几种来源:官府置拨、官绅民众捐助、继承原有产业、书院自身经营。其表现形式为:学田、本金、房产、山场、草场等等。继而笔者对书院经费来源多渠道的原因进行了分析:政府制订专门的奖赏制度鼓励人们捐资、官员带头倡捐、官学名额的限制、儒家理念的影响等。第四章为书院经费支出。书院开支较多,有山长束修和薪金、生徒膏火、行政人员工资、祭祀费、购置书籍等。根据统计,发现书院经费开支侧重于教学方面,行政费较少,支出倾向教学,结构十分合理。第五章讲书院经费的管理制度。长沙府书院管理制度很完善,书院一般都制订有专门的规章制度,对书院经费进行合理安排。设有专员管理,有会计、出纳的分工合作,并有官方和书院自身两个方面监督机制,以保证书院经费用在实处。
[Abstract]:Academy of Classical Learning is a unique cultural and educational organization in ancient China. It is not only an educational institution but also a base for academic research. Management has the same characteristics: it does not receive very fixed government funding, nor does it run its own funds as independently as private schools to carry out completely free academic research, but at the same time, It is precisely because it has the support of the government that it is not as fragile as private school because of its unstable funding, nor is it too ruled by the government to have no academic freedom like the government. For the academy, how can it win the support of the government? To be able to carry out free academic research, a dilemma and two benefits, is an important problem to be solved. This problem is bound to be inextricably linked to the raising of funds, expenditure, and management of academies, and the academies in China can endure thousands of years. This paper takes Changsha Academy in the Qing Dynasty as an example, based on the previous research results, on the funding aspects of the Academy of Classical Research. There were 75 academies in Changsha prefecture in Qing Dynasty. There were capital academies, county-level academies and village-level academies, so they were more representative. The introduction reviews and summarizes the achievements of the research on college funding since 1930s, and points out its achievements and shortcomings. The main text includes the second, third, fourth, Chapter two introduces the development of Changsha Academy of Classics. Changsha Academy of Classics has been relatively developed since the Tang Dynasty, the Song Dynasty, the Yuan Dynasty, the Ming Dynasty and the Qing Dynasty. The three functions of the collection were further strengthened, and the rules of the academy were more complete. Chapter three is the raising of the funds of the academy. The author makes a statistical list of the county records, the academies records, and the statistical lists of Changsha prefectures, academies, and colleges. This paper summarizes several kinds of sources of the funds of Changsha Academy in Qing Dynasty: setting up by the government, donating by the gentry and people, inheriting the original industry and running the academy itself. The forms of the fund are: Xuetian, principal, real estate, mountain field, etc. Then the author analyzed the reasons for the various sources of college funding: the government set up a special reward system to encourage people to donate money, officials took the lead in promoting donations, and the restrictions on the number of official places. The influence of Confucianism. Chapter 4th is the expenditure of the college. The college has more expenses, such as mountain prefects and salaries, the health of apprentices, the wages of administrative staff, the cost of sacrifice, the purchase of books, etc. According to statistics, It is found that the expenditure of the college is focused on teaching, the administrative expenses are less, the expenditure tends to be teaching, and the structure is very reasonable. Chapter 5th deals with the management system of the college funds, and the management system of the Changsha Academy is very perfect. The college generally has special rules and regulations, reasonable arrangement of college funds, division of work and cooperation of commissioner, accountant and cashier, and supervision mechanism of both the official and the college itself to ensure that the expenses of the college are in practice.
【学位授予单位】：湖南大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2006
【分类号】：K249

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