明前期士大夫主体意识研究（1368-1457）

发布时间：2018-02-24 22:12

本文关键词： 明前期士大夫皇权君臣关系主体意识　出处：《东北师范大学》2011年博士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：本文研究对象为明前期的士大夫,明前期时间界定为洪武元年到天顺元年。研究放置于明前期政治生态和政治文化的演变过程中,分析以士大夫为中心的政治变革。研究明前期士大夫政治角色和主体意识、士权与皇权关系的态势演变、士大夫的话语权力等几大方面,总结出明前期士大夫和士大夫政治基本特征。明朝立国之初,朱元璋的政统与士大夫的道统之间就产生冲突,数次诏狱后,洪武朝形成皇帝独裁、重典治国的政治风貌;建文朝一改洪武朝重典治世风格,以方孝孺为代表的士大夫成为时政主导,建文朝政逐渐展现文治气象;“靖难之役”冲击建文朝文治取向,永乐朝皇权再次强化,士权处于皇权笼罩中。仁宗和宣宗两朝,君臣关系融洽,台阁体的文风成为时政风格的表征。正统初年“三杨政治”局面的出现是明代士大夫政治初显的标志。明前期皇权转移时期是士大夫进行政治调整的关键时期。皇权转移时期是皇权相对弱化时期,在此时期,士大夫政治主体地位凸显,积极践行儒家的治国理念和政治追求。明前期皇帝遗诏和即位诏均出自士大夫之手,对即位诏书起草情状、行文语气、改革条款的分析印证了明前期士大夫进行政治调整的脉络与思路。皇权转移期间士大夫进行的政治更张代表了明前期的政治走向。民本主义是明前期士大夫进行政治调整的精神旨归。明前期君臣权力认知冲突主导和影响明前期政治文化演变。明太祖与明成祖强化君权、压制士权,强调皇帝的独裁和专制;建文帝和仁宣二帝淡化皇权的独裁特性,强调士大夫对皇帝的辅佐作用。明前期士大夫的君臣观念演变走势大致为:洪武到建文时期,以方孝孺为代表的士大夫君臣观的核心为君臣共治理念;永乐到正统初年,以三杨为代表的士大夫君臣观的核心为君尊臣卑理念;“土木之变”到“夺门之变”之间,以于谦和李贤为代表的士大夫的君臣观逐渐凸显士大夫的主体性。明前期士大夫的政治主体地位随皇权强弱而变化,洪武和永乐两朝为蛰伏时期,建文朝为凸显时期,仁宣到天顺之间是恢复时期。国家礼遇是明前期士大夫主体意识形成的外部强化符号。赏赐、封赠、赐印、辍朝、谥号等国家礼遇给士大夫带来荣耀感和自豪感,达到激励臣子和教化社会的政治功能,同时也强化了士大夫的身份认同。明前期士大夫享有国家礼遇的同时,也受到锦衣卫、东厂等特务机构的监督和控制,可能遭受诏狱、廷杖、枷号等方式的摧残。惩罚制度摧残士大夫肉体的同时,也冲击着士大夫的道德尊严,成为明前期皇权独裁的象征。遭受摧残的士大夫也可以在当朝或后世得到政治平反,中央朝廷对其重新封赠谥号、封荫子弟、修缮陵墓、遣官祭祀;地方官员和士绅可为其修建祠堂,给予春秋祭祀,同样具有激励和教化的功能。国家礼遇、皇权压制、政治平反三者构成士大夫在明前期的奖惩制度。政治话语权是士大夫发挥主体意识的核心标志。士大夫用儒家思想教育和影响皇帝和皇储,试图从根源上解决政统与道统的冲突,确立道统领导政统的关系格局。士大夫通过朝会言事、应诏上言、天变建言、密疏言事等方式行使政治话语权。永乐和景泰两朝士大夫对皇储册封的影响力是明前期士大夫话语权行使的标志。后世士大夫对明前期君臣的历史评价主要集中到“靖难”和“夺门”两次政治异常变动,对建文帝、景帝、方孝孺和于谦的历史平反成为明中后期士大夫舆论核心。总之,明前期士大夫始终具有清醒的政治自觉和明确的主体意识,其主导作用和主体地位依皇权强弱而处于动态变化中。通过对明前期士大夫处境和地位的分析,可以透视明前期皇权政治与士大夫政治关系的动态演变。明前期士大夫政治始终笼罩在皇权政治中。天变和民意是士大夫政治抗衡皇权政治的两大武器。民本主义是明前期士大夫政治基本精神。
[Abstract]:The study object of this article is the early Ming taxi doctor, time is defined as the early Ming Dynasty Hongwu to Tianshun year. Study on the evolution process is placed in the early Ming Dynasty political ecology and political culture, analysis of scholar centered on political change. During the early Ming dynasty literati political role and main body consciousness, the evolution of the relationship between the imperial power and the right. The trend of literati's discourse aspects, summed up the early Ming Dynasty scholar doctor and scholar of political characteristics.
Ming Dynasty, the early years of the Republic, there is conflict between Zhu Yuanzhang's political unification and literati orthodoxy, the imperial edict prison several times after the flood at the formation of the emperor dictatorship, governing the country's political scene; a severe flood at Jian Wen dynasty ruling style, with Fang Xiaoru as the representative of the literati became the dominant political power, Jianwen gradually show civil meteorological "the battle of" shock; Jian Wen Dynasty Yongle Emperor again since the orientation, strengthening imperial power. In the right people over two dynasties and Emperor Renzong, and harmonious relationship, taigeti style political style. A representation of orthodox early "Three Yang political" situation is the symbol of the Ming Dynasty politics has begun.
The early Ming Dynasty imperial power transfer period is a key period for literati political adjustment. The imperial period is relatively weakened the imperial period, during this period, prominent literati political status, actively practice the Confucian philosophy and political pursuit. During the early Ming Dynasty emperor Yizhao and are from the literati of the imperial throne, on the throne edict drafting circumstances, the analysis of the reform in terms of the tone, confirms the context and ideas during the early Ming dynasty literati political adjustment. During the transfer of imperial literati political change on behalf of the early Ming Dynasty politics. Humanism is the early Ming dynasty literati political adjustment spiritual purport.
In the cognitive conflict between the emperors and dominated and influenced the political culture in early Ming Dynasty. The first emperor of the Ming Dynasty and the evolution of Yongle strengthen the monarchy, suppress the scholar right, stressed that the emperor's dictatorship or authoritarian dictatorship; characteristics of emperor Ren and Emperor Xuan two desalination imperial power, stressed a supporting role to the emperor's literati. During the early Ming dynasty literati and the concept of evolution the trend is as follows: Hongwu to Jianwen period, with his core representative literati the view for the governance concept; Yongle to orthodox early in three as the core of the literati Yang represents the view for the Royal courtiers concept; "civil change" to "between the door and change", the main to Yu Qian and Li Xian as the representative of the literati of the view gradually. During the early Ming dynasty literati literati's political status varies with the strength of imperial power, Hongwu and Yongle two dynasties for the dormant period, in order to highlight the Ren Jian Wen Dynasty period The recovery period is between Xuan Tianshun.
National treatment is formed outside the early Ming dynasty literati subject consciousness symbol. As reward, give India, discontinuing, posthumous national courtesy to literati bring glory and pride to the political function of incentive courtiers and educating society, but also strengthened the literati identity during the early Ming dynasty literati. Enjoy the national treatment at the same time, but also by a guard, supervise and control the East spy agencies, may suffer from prison, tingzhang, stocks etc. destruction. Destruction of literati physical punishment system at the same time, but also the impact of the literati's moral dignity, become the imperial dictatorship in early Ming dynasty literati suffered symbol. Can also be rehabilitated or political in the court later, the central government will re seal the letter posthumous, shadow children, repair the tomb, sent official sacrifice; local officials and gentry can be built to give worship and ancestral temple, and also has The functions of encouragement and enlightenment, the national courtesy, the suppression of the imperial power, and the political repression of the three constitute the reward and punishment system of the scholar bureaucrats in the early Ming Dynasty.
Political discourse is a core symbol of literati play of consciousness. The literati with the Confucian education and influence of the emperor and the crown prince, trying to address the root causes of conflict between political and moral rules, establish the pattern of political unification. Relationship between orthodoxy leadership by literati at the words, call on, change the secret memorial day. It means the exercise of political discourse. Yongle and Jingtai two dynasties literati is the symbol of the early Ming dynasty literati discourse right on the canonization of influence. The historical evaluation of later literati of the early Ming Dynasty and mainly to "Jing" and "door" two political change, the emperor, the emperor. Fang and Yu Qian's historical vindication become a scholar in the late Ming core public opinion.
In short, the early Ming dynasty literati has always been a subject of political consciousness and clear consciousness, its leading role and the main position in the dynamic changes in the strength of the imperial power. Through the analysis of the early Ming dynasty literati situation and status, the dynamic evolution perspective of early Ming Dynasty politics and imperial scholar of political relations during the early Ming Dynasty scholar. Politics has always been shrouded in imperial politics. Public opinion is two days and weapons to contend with the imperial scholar of political politics. Humanism is the basic spirit of the early Ming Dynasty scholar bureaucrat politics.

【学位授予单位】：东北师范大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：K248

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