商周指定服役制度研究

发布时间：2018-02-27 21:33

本文关键词： 指定服役制度剥削形式早期国家社会性质　出处：《陕西师范大学》2012年博士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：指定服役制度是建立在超经济强制基础之上,分工具体、指定某部分人专服某役,且世代相传、长期不变的服役形式。具有整体性、固定性、强制性、多样和复杂性等特点。指定服役制度广泛见于我国先秦时期。早在商代以前,指定服役制度就已经产生,无论是传说时代的职官、夏代的多“正”,还是夷人为夏王朝提供的专门服务,它们都属于指定服役。在商代,内、外服本是指在“商”之内、外服劳役,既表现为服役地点上在“商”之内、外,又表现为血缘关系的亲疏和控制程度的强弱之分。外服的侯、甸、男、卫、犬、牧与内服的亚、射、戍、马、百工、宁等,它们都是由具体的职事演变而成,并且有各自的地域,属于独立的政治经济实体,最初都是服指定劳役。青铜器族徽作为区分家族的标志,其表现形式亦与指定服役制度有密切关系。及至西周时期,无论是王国分配给诸侯国的职事,王国及各诸侯国内部的农业劳役、手工业劳役、军事劳役、文化宗教类劳役和杂役,还是国、野之间通过征服或归服建立起来的服役关系中,同样存在指定服役的现象。到了春秋时期,指定服役制度逐渐解体。在王国和诸侯国之间,随着王室的衰落和霸主的崛起,指定服役制度已经濒临消亡,但在诸侯国与霸主之间仍然存在指定服役的孑遗。在王国与诸侯国内部,灭族、出奔以及富族、敝族等现象的出现,从而使许多旧有的职事被荒废。但由于这一时期统治者对大族势力的打压和采取的保护措施,故终春秋之世,王国与诸侯国内部的指定服役制度并没有完全消失。在国、野之间,随着“辟土服远”浪潮的推进,使得野中服役对象逐渐减少。但仍有一些野中部族的内部组织未曾被触动,故而国、野之间的指定服役在一定程度上仍有存留。春秋、战国时期社会发生了巨大变革,即各国的疆域由以往的百里之地,变成了地方千里；地缘关系和户籍制度逐渐形成；商品经济得到了空前的发展；国家授田制度开始出现。这些社会巨变,促进了指定服役制度的解体,进而其存在前提以及“整体性”、“固定性”和“强制性”等特点也就瓦解了。在这一过程中,以税、赋、役为主要形式的新剥削体系逐渐确立,在剥削内容、对象和程度上都渐趋统一,使指定服役制度“多样和复杂性”的特点被取代,从而也使劳动者获得了一定的人身自由。本文通过分析商代以前、商代、西周和春秋时期指定服役制度的表现形式及其解体的原因,论证了指定服役制度是中国先秦时期的主要剥削形式,也是人类早期国家阶段的特殊产物。它的存在决定了国家的早期性,而它被赋税制度逐步取代的过程,也与早期国家发展到较为成熟的领土国家的演进过程相同步。所以,有理由说研究指定服役制度为我们提供了从剥削产生和发展的角度探索国家起源的新思路。此外,对于探讨先秦时期的社会性质也具有重要意义。
[Abstract]:The system of designated service is based on super-economic compulsion, with a specific division of labor, the assignment of a certain group of people to a certain service, passed down from generation to generation, and a form of service that has no change for a long time. It is integral, fixed, and mandatory. The system of appointed service was widely seen in the pre-Qin period of our country. As early as before the Shang Dynasty, the system of appointed service had already emerged, whether it was the official of the legendary era, The "justice" of the Xia Dynasty, or the special service provided by the Yi people to the Xia Dynasty, all belong to the designated service. In the Shang Dynasty, the internal and external service originally referred to the "Shang" and the external servitude, which was manifested in the place of military service within the "Shang", outside the "Shang", It is also shown as the separation of kinship and the degree of control. Hou, Dian, male, Wei, dog, animal husbandry and internal clothing, shooting, garrison, horse, Baigong, Ning, etc., they all evolved from specific duties. And have their own regions, belong to the independent political and economic entities, are initially appointed servitude. Bronze emblem as a symbol of the division of the family, its manifestation is also closely related to the designated service system. Until the Western Zhou Dynasty, Whether it is the service assigned by the kingdom to the kingdoms, the agricultural servitude, the handicraft service, the military servitude, the cultural and religious servitude, or the service relations established by subjugation or servitude between the kingdoms and the kingdoms, By the Spring and Autumn period, the appointed service system had gradually disintegrated. Between the kingdoms and the monarchies, with the decline of the royal family and the rise of the overlords, the designated service system was on the verge of extinction. But between the kingdoms and the overlords, there is still a relic of designated service. Within the kingdoms and princes, the emergence of the phenomena of annihilation, outmigration, and wealth, and of our own, As a result, many old duties were abandoned. However, due to the suppression and protection measures taken by the rulers of this period, the system of designated service within the Kingdom and the princes did not completely disappear in the Spring and Autumn period. Between the fields, with the advance of the tide of "opening up the earth and clothing far away", the number of serving members in the field gradually decreased. However, there are still some untouched internal organizations of the field tribes. Therefore, in the country, the designated service between the fields still exists to a certain extent. During the warring States period, great changes took place in the society, that is, the territory of each country changed from the former hundred miles to a thousand miles, the geographical relationship and the household registration system gradually formed, the commodity economy got unprecedented development; These great social changes have promoted the disintegration of the system of designated service, and thus the characteristics of its existence as well as its "integrity", "immobility" and "compulsion" have also disintegrated. In this process, taxes and levies have been imposed. The new system of exploitation, the main form of which is gradually established, gradually unifies the content, object and degree of exploitation, so that the characteristics of "diversity and complexity" of the system of designated service are replaced. This paper analyzes the manifestations of the system of appointed service before Shang Dynasty, Shang Dynasty, Western Zhou Dynasty and Spring and Autumn period and the reasons for its disintegration. It is demonstrated that the system of designated service is the main form of exploitation in the pre-Qin period of China, and it is also a special product of the early stage of human being. Its existence determines the early stage of the country, and it is gradually replaced by the tax system. It also coincides with the evolution of the early countries to the more mature territorial states. Therefore, it is reasonable to say that the study of the system of designated service provides us with a new way of thinking about the origin of the state from the perspective of the origin and development of exploitation. It is also of great significance to explore the social nature of the pre-Qin period.
【学位授予单位】：陕西师范大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：K224;K223;D691.2

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