清代部费陋规问题研究

发布时间：2018-02-28 17:05

本文关键词： 清代陋规部费中央六部书吏　出处：《武汉大学》2013年博士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：陋规问题在中国古代社会中,是与官僚制度的建立相伴生的一种官场痼疾,是侵蚀吏治、扰乱政府部门公务秩序的因索之一,对历朝历代的吏治民生都造成危害。清朝是我国最后一个封建王朝,是陋规现象相当突显的时期,因此学者们对这一时段,涉及吏治统治、官员行政、财政经济的研究中,都对其有一定关注。着眼角度上,大体偏重宏观,多为对官场陋规问题的总体概述,作具体深入考查的研究成果相对较少。本文的研究对象是清代的官场陋规问题,以一种名为部费的特定陋规作为切入点。部费是主要存在于清代中央部署的陋规,是各级地方衙门和官员为顺利办理各项公务,定期或因事、因案向中央部门官吏致送的额外费用。部费的主要收受者是地位低下的中央衙门办事书吏。论文从中央部门部费收受情况入手,揭示这项陋规在行政事务办理中起到的重要作用,探讨中央书吏群体的公务运作和生活实况,其职能、地位以及对行政的影响,透视官僚政治整体的行政设置与运行机制之得失,并兼及地方各级官僚机构中的各类陋规,深入分析陋规产生的制度根源,对官僚吏治、.财政收支和政治民生造成的弊害,清代历朝的禁革举措及取得收效,探讨陋规难以革除,愈演愈烈的原因。本文采用传统的历史研究方法,以对史料的分析研究为基础,借鉴社会学、行政学、政治学的一些理论与方法,对清代部费陋规问题进行系统研究,主要内容有以下数端。第一,考察清代中央书吏群体,在政府机构中的实际地位,及其对国家行政产生的主要影响。统治者与高层官员是国家各项政策的决定人,具体落实则有赖中央至地方的各级官吏,两者的作用都是不可或缺的。尤其是中央部门的办事书吏,承担了大部分具体的行政事务,倚仗中央机关的重要行政地位,虽位卑却权重。第二,概述中央六部行政过程中部费收受的具体情况。尤其是六部中的吏、户二部,因权力最大,书吏索取部费的现象最为突出,几乎无事不费。方式上主要有常规事务中需索、另案办理中勒索、向地方官员写信索要、延迟公务、借端要挟等。此外,简要介绍了其他中央部门,地方各行业陋规收受情况。并探讨部费等陋胤费用的来源。第三,深入分析部费陋规现象产生的制度根源。主要有五个方面的因索,是高度集权的政治体制,二是僵硬的财政体制,三是官僚制度的局限性,四是低体制的局限,五是相关立法的缺失与执法的随意性。第四,阐述部费陋问题的弊害。越到清代后期,部费等各项陋规名色越多越繁,整个官僚体系都被波及,吏治官风、经济、民生等方面深受其害。同时,本文力求全而地看待陋规问题,客观上,它对正式财政制度有一定辅助作用,补充行政经费和俸工银的不足,维持国家机器的正常运转。第五,介绍清代各代朝对部费陋规的禁革措施及收效。尤其以雍正朝为重点,这一时期是对部费陋规问题整饬最为坚决,也是唯一取得明显效果的朝代。总体说来,清代前期对部费等陋规的整饬力度较大,收效也比较明显。嘉庆末年以后,皇帝的权威逐渐下降,陋规却沿袭日久,在官场中根深蒂固,整饬举措力不从心,陋规逐步成为半合法的存在。归根究底,陋规问题的产生和延续与权力密不可分,只要绝对权力依旧被某些部门和个人所把持,在人治社会中,陋规就难以彻底消除。
[Abstract]:They China problems in ancient society, and bureaucratic system to establish a chronic illness accompanied by officialdom, is one of the factors disturbing the erosion of administration, government departments public order, of the dynasties of the official livelihood are harmful. The Qing Dynasty is the last feudal dynasty in China, it is quite prominent phenomenon, therefore the scholars of this period, involving official rule, administrative officials, financial and economic research, there are some attention to it. Focus on the point of view, generally more emphasis on macro, as a general overview of the rules of officialdom, as the specific research results study is relatively small.
The research object of this paper is the problem of Qing Dynasty officialdom rules, to a specific department rules fee as a starting point. The Ministry fee is mainly existed in the central deployment of rules in the Qing Dynasty, the local government and officials at all levels for the smooth processing of the official, regular or because something, the case for officials to send additional costs to the central department the main part of accepting. Fee is the low status of the central office clerks from the Yamen. The central departments receive fees situation, reveal the board to play an important role in administrative affairs management, to study the central scribes Group official operation and the realities of life, its function, status and effect on the administration. The pros and cons of setting and operation mechanism on administrative bureaucracy overall, and also the local bureaucracy in the various rules, in-depth analysis of the root system of rules, of bureaucratic administration, fiscal income and expenditure and the government of the people. Like students caused by the Qing Dynasty, the ban on leather measures and made effective, they study hard, serious reasons.
This paper uses traditional historical methods, to analyze the historical data as the basis, from sociology, science of administration, some theories and methods of political science, a systematic research on the Qing Dynasty ministry fee rules, the main contents are the following.
First, the Qing Dynasty Central Book official group, the actual status of government agencies in the main, and the impact on the national administration. The rulers and senior officials decide people of national policies, the implementation depends on the central to local officials at all levels, both are indispensable. Especially the central departments of the work book who undertakes the most specific administrative affairs, relying on important administrative status of the central authorities, although a low weight is.
Second, the specific circumstances outlined six central administrative process. Especially the central fee received of the six officials, two households, because the power, for Department of scribes charges phenomenon is most prominent, almost nothing is the main demands of routine expenses. In the way, to apply to local blackmail. Officials wrote for delay, official, excuse blackmail. In addition, the other central government departments, local industry rules. And the study received fees and other expenses. Sources of ugly Yin
Third, in-depth analysis of causes of lougui fee system phenomenon. There are five main aspects of the factors, is a highly centralized political system, the two is a stiff financial system, the three is the limitation of the bureaucratic system, four is the low system limitations, the five is the lack of relevant legislation and enforcement of the randomness.
Fourth, this part of the problem. They charge harm more to the expenses of the Department in the late Qing Dynasty, these rules are more complex, the bureaucracy was affected, government official wind, economy, livelihood and other aspects suffered. At the same time, this paper tries to look at problems and rules, objectively, it has certain auxiliary effect on the formal financial system, supplement the administrative expenses and salaries of ICBC, maintain the normal operation of the state machine.
Fifth, the Ministry of the Qing Dynasty towards the Lou ban fee measures and effects. Especially in the leather Yong Zheng Dynasty as the focus, this period is to straighten the customary fees fees determined, and only achieved remarkable results of the dynasty. Generally speaking, in the early Qing Dynasty to force fees it more the effect is more obvious. After the emperor Jiaqing Dynasty, gradually decreased, but they followed a long time, ingrained in officialdom, they move in powerless, has gradually become a semi legal existence.
In the end, they question the production and the continuity and power are inseparable, as long as the absolute power is still dominated by some departments and individuals in the society of rule of man, it is difficult to completely eliminate.

【学位授予单位】：武汉大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：K249

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