静静的思想之河——战国时期国家思想研究

发布时间：2018-03-01 17:41

本文关键词： 静静的思想之河战国时期国家研究　出处：《郑州大学》2004年博士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：从春秋时期开始，活跃在中国历史舞台的大小政治单元经历了一个形成具有完备形态的国家的过程。这个过程在战国时代完成，先后形成了齐、魏、赵、韩、楚、燕、秦这七个最主要的国家。应该根据下面四个标准来判断一个政治实体是不是具有完备形态的国家。“安全的获得”是形成具有完备形态国家过程得以展开的前提；“经济资源的形成和有效调动”是过程可以顺利进行的基础；“法的创建和完善”会对这一过程起到巨大的推动作用，并赋予最终结果更多理性色彩。而“权力中央化的完成”，即以君主为核心的权力中枢的产生和以相为首的理性官僚制度的建立，则是形成具有完备形态国家过程中最重要的内容，也是判定一个政治实体是否具有完备国家形态的首要标准。根据这四条标准，战国七雄相互之间没有质的差异，只有国家形态充分与否的区别。随后的历史发展本应是：由于经济的发展和边疆压力的增加，形态充分的国家将逐渐整合形态不充分的国家，从而在更大的地域内重新开始权力中央化进程，以满足管理更大规模公共事业的需要。这个过程是一个自然和理性的过程。但是秦国由于种种原因，权力的理性分配被打破，出现了权力向个人过度集中的现象。最后，由于秦始皇个人的强烈作用使权力体系彻底扭曲了，从而导致了君主绝对专制的秦帝国的出现。秦帝国是一种国家的异态。我们可以把国家看作是一种历史话语。话语需要表达者，在战国时期形成了两个表达群组。首先，(形成中的)君主、重要的大臣、参与实际的权力中央化进程并发挥了重要作用的思想家构成的群组。他们的表达(言论与行为)首先是对权力中央化的体认，然后是对如何实现这个进程做出的设计(思想家的言论、在抽象意义上理解的君主和大臣的实际政治作为)。第二，，参与实际政务、也发挥了重要作用但思想具有矛盾特征的思想家和没有(或者很少)参与实际政务的思想家构成的群组。他们的表达是属于思想领域的国家历史话语表达。他们在一个独立的(思想)领域确立了一种新的国家历史话语，这种话语的核心内容是爱与和平。由此，在战国时期出现了两种国家历史话语：一个是在实际历史进程中的，即具有完备形态的国家的逐步形成和随后发生的异变(帝国的形成)；一个是在思想家开辟的思想领域内进行的，即思想家的抽象国家建设。两种国家历史话语没有派生关系，思想不是历史之镜。对两种国家历史话语的比较可以更好的揭示思想史的实际，从而避免思想只是历史的消极反映这样一种简单化的理解模式。
[Abstract]:From the Spring and Autumn period onwards, the political units active on the Chinese historical stage experienced a process of forming a country with a complete form. This process was completed during the warring States period, and successively formed Qi, Wei, Zhao, Han, Chu, Yan, According to the following four criteria, we should judge whether a political entity has a complete state. "secure access" is the premise of the process of forming a state with complete form. " The formation and effective mobilization of economic resources "is the basis on which the process can proceed smoothly," and "the creation and improvement of the law" will greatly promote this process. And endow the final result with more rational color. And "the completion of centralization of power", that is, the emergence of the power center with the monarch as the core and the establishment of the rational bureaucracy headed by each other, It is the most important content in the process of forming a state with a complete form, and it is also the primary criterion for judging whether a political entity has a complete state form. According to these four criteria, there is no qualitative difference between the seven males of the warring States period. Only the difference between the adequacy of the form of the state. The subsequent historical development should have been that, as a result of economic development and the increasing pressure on the frontier, the fully formed countries would gradually integrate the countries with inadequate forms, Thus the process of centralization of power is resumed in a larger region to meet the needs of managing larger public utilities. This process is a natural and rational process. However, due to various reasons, the rational distribution of power in the State of Qin was broken. Finally, due to the strong action of Qin Shihuang, the power system was completely distorted, which led to the emergence of the absolute autocracy of the monarch. We can think of the state as a historical discourse. Words need to be expressed, and two groups of expressions formed during the warring States period. First, the monarch, the important minister, A group of thinkers who participate in the actual process of centralization of power and play an important role. Their expression (speech and behavior) is, above all, a recognition of centralization of power. Then there is the design of how to achieve this process (thinkers' remarks, the abstract understanding of the actual politics of monarchs and ministers). Second, to participate in actual government affairs. A group of thinkers who also play an important role but whose thoughts are characterized by contradictions and thinkers who do not (or rarely) participate in actual government affairs. Their expression is an expression of national historical discourse belonging to the field of thought. A new national historical discourse has been established in an independent (ideological) field, The core content of this kind of discourse is love and peace. As a result, during the warring States period, two kinds of national historical discourse emerged: one is in the actual historical process, That is, the gradual formation of a state with a complete form and the subsequent changes (the formation of an empire; one is carried out in the field of thought opened up by thinkers, that is, the abstract nation-building of thinkers.) there is no derivative relationship between the two historical discourse, The comparison of the historical discourse between the two countries can better reveal the reality of the history of thought so as to avoid such a simplistic understanding mode that thought is just a negative reflection of history.
【学位授予单位】：郑州大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2004
【分类号】：K231

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