试论汉代老人问题

发布时间：2018-03-02 11:56

本文选题：汉代　切入点：老人问题　出处：《山东大学》2006年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：老人问题是随着人类社会的发展逐渐出现的。到了汉代，原始的宗法血缘社会瓦解，小型家庭成为汉代社会的主体，承担着国家的各种赋税以及徭役兵役等义务。在这种情况下，整个社会上还没有形成有效的养老机制，老人的赡养主要依托于个体家庭。国家需要子女不断地从父母家庭中分离出来形成自己的独立经济实体，以保证其充足的财政来源，“出分”之风十分盛行。各种天灾人祸的影响，加上国家各种赋税、徭役的压力，使个体家庭经常处于破产的边缘，于是奉养老人成为小家庭的沉重负担。因此，汉代社会存在严重的老人问题，对老人的尊重乃至赡养远远不够。汉代统治者对社会上的老人问题十分关注，经常下诏令对老人表示关怀。除了频繁地给予老人以物质赏赐外，还在社会上广泛地实行三老制、王杖制，给老人一定的特权，提高老人的社会地位。同时，对社会上的孝子进行奖励，将“孝”作为选官的重要条件，宣扬孝道，以促进社会上孝养老人之风的出现。虽然这些政策的实施，，特别是孝道的大力宣传，使汉代社会的老人问题有所缓解。但是，在这些政策的具体实施过程中，由于官吏的阳奉阴违以及对被赐对象年龄、身份等诸多方面的限制，使许多政策的象征意义大于实际意义，老人实际受益有限。因而，在普遍分异的社会大环境下，无论与前朝还是后代相比，汉代的老人问题都十分突出。本文共分三大部分。前言部分主要说明汉代统治者虽然实行了多种养老政策，但是汉代社会的老人问题仍然十分严重，并简单介绍了目前学界对于汉代老人的研究状况，阐述选题的原因、意义。主体部分分上、下两篇：上篇首先对汉代老人有一个简单的界定，然后来分，析说明汉代老人问题的表现及主要原因；下篇主要叙述了汉代统治者针对老人问题所采取的政策并对这些政策的实施效果作了一定的分析。结语部分主要对文章的内容进行简单的总结，在确定汉代老人问题比较严重的同时，也肯定了汉代政府的各种养老政策的作用及历史意义。
[Abstract]:The problem of the elderly appeared gradually with the development of human society. By the Han Dynasty, the primitive patriarchal lineage society had collapsed, and the small families had become the main body of the society in the Han Dynasty. Under such circumstances, the whole society has not yet formed an effective pension mechanism. The support of the elderly is mainly dependent on individual families. The state needs children to be separated from their parents' families to form their own independent economic entities. In order to ensure its adequate financial resources, the wind of "distribution" is very popular. The effects of various natural and man-made disasters, combined with the pressure of taxes and corvee of the State, often put individual families on the verge of bankruptcy. As a result, it became a heavy burden for small families to support the elderly. Therefore, there was a serious problem of the elderly in the society of the Han Dynasty, and respect for and even support for the elderly was far from enough. The rulers of the Han Dynasty paid great attention to the problem of the elderly in the society. He often gives orders to show concern for the elderly. In addition to giving the elderly a material reward frequently, the three old people and the king's staff system are also widely practiced in society, giving them certain privileges to improve their social status. At the same time, To reward filial sons in society, to make "filial piety" an important condition for selecting officials, and to promote filial piety in order to promote the emergence of filial piety and foster the elderly in society. Although these policies have been implemented, especially the vigorous propaganda of filial piety, This alleviated the problem of the elderly in the Han Dynasty. However, in the concrete implementation of these policies, due to the impudence of the officials and the restrictions on the age and identity of the given object, The symbolic meaning of many policies is greater than the actual meaning, and the benefits of the elderly are limited. Therefore, in the general social environment of general differentiation, the problem of the elderly in the Han Dynasty is very prominent compared with the former and future generations. This paper is divided into three parts. The preface mainly explains that although the rulers of the Han Dynasty implemented a variety of pension policies, the problem of the elderly in the society of the Han Dynasty is still very serious, and briefly introduces the current academic research on the elderly in the Han Dynasty, expounds the reasons and significance of the topic. The main part is divided into the following two parts: the first part has a simple definition of the old people in the Han Dynasty, and then points out the performance and main reasons of the problems of the elderly in the Han Dynasty; The second part mainly describes the policies adopted by the rulers of the Han Dynasty in response to the problem of the elderly and analyzes the effect of these policies. The conclusion part mainly summarizes the content of the article, and confirms the function and historical significance of various pension policies of the government of Han Dynasty, while determining that the problem of the elderly in Han Dynasty is more serious.
【学位授予单位】：山东大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2006
【分类号】：K234

【引证文献】