魏晋南北朝游集文化研究

发布时间：2018-03-05 09:37

本文选题：魏晋南北朝　切入点：游集　出处：《扬州大学》2012年博士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：综合游集活动的场所、参加人员、活动特点等多方面因素,游集可分为宫廷游集、王府贵门游集、社交游集和亲族游集四类。宫廷游集是在宫廷中进行的、皇帝亲自参加或主持的游集,也包括一些在宫廷外进行的、皇帝主持的游集。宫廷中有进行游集的最好的物质条件。宫廷游集有节庆礼仪游集、事务性游集、公余游集等,公余游集的娱乐性最强。一些皇帝还喜爱到大臣邸宅举行宴饮等游集,这是临宅游集。王府贵门游集是宗室诸王和朝廷重臣、高官或其他有权势者主持的游集。王府贵门游集有僚属游集、宾客游集、大型士人集团游集三种。社交游集是上层社会地位相差不大的人们的游集,有集体应酬游集、熟人游集和朋友游集三种,参加者的亲密程度逐次增加。亲族游集是上层社会家庭内部成员或亲族成员的游集,节庆聚会、日常聚集是主要形式；此外还有一些较固定成员的聚会。游集活动主要有闲集、宴饮、行游三种具体形态。闲集是上层社会中人在邸宅、官舍等处举行的非宴饮的聚集活动。闲集的发生有造访、招引、相邀几种形式。其迎送、位次有一定的礼仪规范。宴饮是上层社会常有的活动,规模有大有小,其中有繁多的程式和活动内容,如敬酒与进食、移席、赏赐、别留等。行游游集以这一时期流行山水赏玩风尚为基础,有园林行游、郊野行游、佛寺道观行游等。在行游中,士人的山水游赏在文化上意义最大。在上层社会中,演艺和游集关系密切,演艺赏玩是游集中娱乐性最强的活动。这一时期的主要演艺活动可分为乐舞类、杂戏类(含有演剧因素的表演)和伎艺类(展示声辞、力量或技巧的表演),具体样式有歌唱、舞蹈、乐器演奏、歌舞、讲唱、讲说、杂戏、杂技等。进行表演的主要是专业艺人,同时上层社会中人也常常为自娱娱人而表演。宫廷是演艺赏玩的重要场所,这里拥有最好的演艺表演的物质条件,也汇集了最优秀的演艺艺人。各政权的宫廷中都有专门的音乐机构。最高统治者大都耽于声乐,因而宫廷演艺艺人数量很大。这些人以才艺供奉主上,没有人身自由,生命的支配权属于统治者。在动乱时期,他们更是颠沛流离,遭遇不幸。宫廷演艺赏玩主要发生在宴饮中,也有少数在非宴饮场合。为了演艺赏玩,宫廷中付出了巨大的耗费。高门富室流行蓄养艺人的风尚,拥有属于私人的乐舞表演人员,即家妓,在游集中让他们表演。这些艺人毫无人身自由,常常被当做物品转赠、进献；在战乱中也像宫廷艺人一样失去依靠而漂流。高门富室的演艺赏玩或是因为有喜庆之事,或是日常招待宾客娱乐。有时皇帝亲临诸王大臣之家,带去宫中乐舞。另外,上层社会中人、尤其是地位较低者也常常在城市的商业性场所聚集欣赏乐舞杂戏表演活动。与其他时代相比,这一时期的讲议谈说在文化上具有更大的重要性。游集中内容丰富、形式多样的讲议、谈论,大大提升了游集活动的文化层次。讲议是一人讲解、众人聆听、讲者和听者有明确区分的群集文化活动。讲议在宫廷、王府贵门、学舍、佛寺道观都广泛进行。讲议具有一定的程式,主要有发题、讲说、论难等。在娱乐风尚的影响下,部分讲议走向伎艺化与娱乐化,娱乐性讲议成为一种娱乐赏玩节目。游集中的谈论可分为闲谈、谈说和论辩三种形式。在闲谈中,当时人很讲究对答艺术,产生了很多名对。谈说或者是一人(在上者)有所询问、另一人(在下者)详细回答,或者是数人就某一题目展开讨论。论辩是围绕一个论题展开,一场完整的论辩大体有三个阶段：出论题、展开讨论、往返论难和结束。谈论内容在文化建设方面意义较大者,有人物品评、学理研习、历史评说、时事议论、艺术品鉴、琐事闲谈几类。尤其是人物品评具有很高的文化价值,成为这一时期一种有代表性的文化现象。这一时期谈论中的嘲谑也独具特色,有生理形貌嘲谑、姓名嘲谑、身世行事嘲谑、一般戏谑等类型,在嘲谑方式、指刺艺术、起嘲艺术与应对艺术、修辞艺术方面都有新的创获。文学创作与品评是这一时期游集中的重要内容,游集是文学活动的一个重要场所。游集中的文学创作就形式而言,有四种类型：单独创作,即在游集场合中的一人创作；相互唱和,即若干人的以诗文彼此赠送与酬答；集体创作,即游集参加者全体或部分人同时进行创作。共同创作,指多人同作一篇作品,主要是连句诗的创作。游集文学作品主要有以下几种题材：描写游集本身、描写游集中的某种活动、写人咏物等、游戏性作品。游集文学在文学史上具有特殊意义,在游集题材、乐舞题材、咏物写人题材方面都有新的开拓,对文学发展发生了较大影响。文学中的人生几何及时行乐主题、惜别伤离主题、颂美与陈情主题、士人不遇失意主题等在这一时期的游集文学中都得到进一步展开和强化。在游集中有丰富多样的竞技娱乐活动,有体力、技巧类竞技、智力竞技等。竞射游艺活动在游集中经常进行,宫廷、官府等处都有相关的场所设施,其竞技规则也十分完备。游集中的竞射活动一种在宴饮游集中,一种在非宴饮游集中。北朝宫廷中射箭竞技活动更多,而且往往追求长时间、大规模。这一时期弈棋之风很盛,围棋是上层社会最流行的棋艺品种,弈棋是士人休闲时的主要活动之一。其他博弈游艺还有弹棋、dt蒲、握槊等,还有如藏钩、射覆、猜谜等游戏。游集中有学术研习与测试,包括专书研习、专题研习、文献与古器物研究等。齐梁时期的游集中还产生了一种独特的测试方法,即隶事。它的盛行显示了中国文化的重大变化。在游集中还广泛流行啸咏等声辞技艺,它成为士人标示人格精神的方式。其他还有书画品赏、武艺展示与比试、小儿预测等活动。
[Abstract]:Comprehensive set of tour activities, participants, multi factors activity characteristics, can be divided into the palace tour set tour set, Wang Guimen tour, tour Family Tour social set and set four. The palace tour sets were in the court of the Emperor himself, or to participate in the tour also includes a set. Some in outside the palace, the emperor presided over the court of tour set. The best physical condition set. Gong Tingyou set a tour festival etiquette tour set, business travel, travel spare set, their tour set entertainment. The emperor also love to some of the strongest ministers held feasts and other House Tour set. This is the House Tour. Tour set is Guimen palace imperial clan kings and officials of the imperial court, or other powerful under the auspices of the tour set. You have set the door tour palace aides tour set, guests tour set, a large set of three scholars group tour. Social tour set is similar to that of the people at the top position the tour set is set Body entertainment tour, tour and tour friends acquaintances set three sets, the closeness of successive participants increased. Family travel sets are family members or family members of the upper social internal travel set, festival party, daily accumulation is the main form; in addition to some of the more fixed members of the party.
Tour activities are set free set, banquet, travel three specific forms. Free set is in the upper society people in the house, gathering at the banquet held non official residences. There are set free to visit, to invite several forms. The shuttle, ranking has certain etiquette. The feast some social activities, big and small, there are programs and activities there, such as toast and eating, moving seats, reward, don't leave. For I set this period to enjoy fashion popular landscape based, garden tour, country travel, travel etc. in the Buddhist and Taoist temples in the tour, meaning intellectuals in cultural landscape tourism.
In the upper class society, performing arts and performing arts tour set closely, can swim on most recreational activities. The main activities in this period can be divided into dance class, class Zaxi (containing drama performance factors) and skill class (show sound speech, strength or skill, style specific performance) there are singing, dancing, playing musical instruments, dancing, talking and singing, speaking, miscellaneous drama, acrobatics and other performances. The main professional artists, while the upper society people often to entertain people and performance. The court is an important place for entertainment viewing, here has the best performing arts is also a collection of material conditions the best performing artists. There are music specialized institutions each regime of the court. The supreme ruler in the most vocal performing artists, and thus the number of the court. These people worship the LORD with great talent, no personal freedom, life power belongs to the rulers in the unrest. During the period, they are displaced, misfortune. The court can occur mainly in the Performing Arts feast, there are a few in the feast. In order to drink water to moisten one's throat in the palace of Arts and admiration, to pay a huge cost. A popular high room keeper artists have private fashion, music and dance performances, namely prostitution, swimming in let them focus performance. These artists have no personal freedom, often regarded as items of donation, donation; in the war is like a palace artist who lost on drifting. High performing or enjoying rich room door because happy, or entertain guests daily entertainment. Sometimes the emperor kings home minister to visit go to the palace, with music and dance. In addition, the upper society people, especially low status also often in the city's commercial places gather to admire the music dance and acrobatic performances.
Compared with other times, this period spoke about the importance of greater cultural tour. Centralized content rich, diverse forms of stress, talk, greatly enhance the cultural level in tour activities. The stress is one explanation, and listen to the speaker and the listener, a cluster of cultural activities clearly the lecture notes. In court, your Palace door, house, Buddhist and Taoist temples are widely carried out. The stress has a certain program, the main question, say, it is difficult to talk. In the entertainment fashion, some spoke to arts and entertainment, entertainment has become a kind of stress amusement programs. Travel can be divided into concentrated talk about gossip, talk and debate in three forms. In the chat, was very important. Art, produced a lot of talk. Or a person (at the top) has asked another person (at the bottom) a detailed answer, or a number of people some issues The argument is discussed. Around a topic, a complete argument generally has three stages: a topic, discussion, debate and end. From talking about content in cultural construction of great significance, character evaluation, academic study, historical comments, news comments, the art of tasting, several kinds of small talk especially with high cultural value has become a character evaluation, this period of cultural phenomenon. This period is also unique in talking about the joke, a physiological morphology name joke, joke, life acting joke, general banter and other types in the joke, finger prick up art, "art with art, art of rhetoric have new achievements.
Literary creation and evaluation is an important content in this period of travel on the tour set is an important place for literary activities. In terms of tour focused literary creation form, there are four types: individual creation, namely in the tour set occasions in the one with each other, namely the creation; some people give each other to poetry with the recognition of collective creation, namely the tour set; participants all or part of people at the same time. The common creation creation, refers to people with a piece of work, mainly is even poem creation. Tour set literary works mainly has the following several themes: describing the tour set itself, a set of tour activity description, write poems so, the game works. Tour set literature has special significance in the history of literature, music and dance in the tour set theme, theme, chanting writing theme has new development, has great influence on the development of literature. The geometry of life carpe diem theme in literature, farewell to the wound From the theme of praise and petition theme, scholars in frustrated themes in the period of the tour set in literature have been further expanded and strengthened.
There is strength in the tour focus has a variety of sports and entertainment activities, athletics skills, competitive intelligence. Competing entertainment activities were often shot, swims in the centralized court, have the relevant facilities such as the official, the competition rules are very complete. Tour concentrated competitive shoot activity of a tour focused on the feast, in a non centralized. The court banquet tour in the archery athletic activities more, and often the pursuit of long time. During this period, large-scale wind chess is very abundant, is the most popular chess upper class chess chess varieties, is the main activities of scholars leisure time. A game entertainment and playing chess, DT Po. Hold the lance, as well as the hidden character, hook, guessing game.
You have focused academic study and test, including book learning, project learning, research literature and artifacts. The Qi and Liang dynasties concentrated tour also produces a unique test method, namely the subordinate thing. Its prevalence showed significant changes in Chinese culture. Swimming is also popular such as Xiao Yong concentrated the sound of speech technology, it become a marked personality spirit. The other painting appreciation, Wu Yi shows a child, prediction and other activities.

【学位授予单位】：扬州大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：K235;I206.2

【参考文献】