夏商时代都城制度研究

发布时间：2018-03-26 22:23

本文选题：夏商　切入点：时代　出处：《郑州大学》2000年博士论文

【摘要】： 夏商时代属中国古代史上的奴隶社会。这个阶段，国家及其都城产生，都城制度逐渐形成。研究发现，夏王朝时期的阳翟（今河南禹州）、斟寻（今河南偃师）、商丘（今河南濮阳）、斟灌（今山东、河南二省交界处）、原（今河南济源）、老丘（今河南开封境）、西河（今河南洛阳西至陕西华阴东区间）等具有都城性质，其中商丘、斟灌为临时性都城；商王朝的都城有毫、枮（今郑州西北郊，或山东、豫东某地）、相（今河南北部）、邢（庇、耿，今河北邢台）、奄（今山东曲阜）、殷等；而考古发现的二里头遗址（斟寻）、郑州商城（毫）、偃师商城（西毫）、洹北商城（相）、安阳殷墟（殷）等遗址，皆具备都城性质。在设都方面，夏商时代既施行一都制，也施行多都制。这个时代都城制度的核心是主辅都制。由于地域辽阔、交通不便等原因，夏、商王朝在设立一个主要都城的同时，在其版图内另设立一个或几个辅助性政治、军事中心。主辅都制萌芽于夏禹时期，形成于帝宁时期，存在于夏商时代的相当长时段。在主辅都制下，主都一般不变迁或较少变迁，而辅都则根据政治、军事需要屡经设立和变迁。具体来说，夏王朝从太康至桀一直以斟寻为其主都，帝宁之后又设立原、老丘、西河等辅都；商王朝前期以郑州商城为主都，另设立偃师商城、枮、相、邢、奄等辅都；商代后期主要以殷为都，但在商代末年朝歌也具有实际辅都性质。夏商时代并不存在一都制下的都城“屡迁”现象，这是由于没有任何理由可以导致夏商时代都城屡迁，考古材料也证明一些夏、商都城存在年代甚长。这就是说，夏商时代具有主都相对稳定性和辅都相对屡迁性之特点。需要指出的是，盘庚是从郑州商城而非从奄或耿迁往殷地的，盘庚迁殷的原因与当时频仍的水灾导致郑州一带生态环境恶化有关。中国古代施行的离宫别馆制度在夏代已处于滥觞阶段；商代前期此项制度正式形成，最著名的离宫别馆当数位于西毫之东不远的桐宫；商代后期为离宫别馆制度的繁盛期。从武丁开始，妹邑（朝歌）即为离宫别馆，直至帝纣后期演变为实际辅都性质。离宫别馆既应用于夏、商王之娱乐，又是夏、商王田猎时的驻跸之所和都城之外的政治活动 g 8 场所。 Z 夏商时代人们已有意识地选择最佳位置建造都城。当时遵循着主都（包括一都制 3 Z 下的都城）居中和辅都在边制度、都城所处地域生态环境优越制度、地貌条件适宜居民 Z 生活及城市发展制度。夏、商都城大多位于河流、湖泽岸边或附近，有良好的水源条件；和水上交通条件。 z 夏商时代施行城郭制和守在四边制等两种都城军事防御制度。前者如郑州商城、惬师商城等，主要以大型城垣为都城的防御设施；后者如二里头遗址、安阳殷墟等，则淡化都城地区的军事防御，不设立大规模的城垣，都城地区的安全主要通过加强周边地区的军事防御来予以保障。城郭制多应用于新、旧王朝更替、社会动乱、国势衰弱时期，体现的是“筑城以卫君，造郭以守民”的建城思想。而守在四边制一般应用于和平时期和国势强大时期。此外，夏商时代建造城郭制都城还遵循以下几项原则：一是先宫殿（宫城）、居民点后郭城（外城）的建造顺序，二是宫墙、内城墙、外城墙、护城壕、自然河湖等多重防御设施的组合配置，三是城郭建造的因地制宜性。在都城的规划布局方面，夏商时代至少遵循7项制度：一是宗庙、宫室、手工业作坊必备制度；二是都城及宫室区设立中轴线制度；三是宫室区居中制度；四是宫室区与平民区分离制度；五是宫室区建造施行前朝后寝制度；六是宫室区附设池苑制度，，七是王陵区位在都城西北方向制度。夏、商王朝的都城制度对周边方国产生了较大影响，在都城选址、军事防御、规划布局等方面，诸方国都城大多仿效夏、商王朝的都城制度建造都邑。夏、商王朝之都城制度对后世诸王朝产生了深远影响。其中夏、商王朝的主辅都制对后世王朝的影响最为明显，从西周开始至明清时期，历朝历代多施行主辅都制或多都制。此外，夏商时代的离宫别馆制度、都城选址制度、军事防御制度、都城规划布局制度等，对后世诸王朝也造成了一定程度的影响。 5 3 Z
[Abstract]:The Xia Shang era is a slave society in ancient Chinese history. This stage, the state and its capital, the capital city system
Gradually, the study found that the Yangzhai (today, Henan, Yuzhou) in the summer of the Xia Dynasty (today's Yuzhou, Henan, Yanshi), and Shangqiu (today Henan)
Puyang), fill in (today's Shandong, Henan two provinces junction), the original (today, Henan, Jiyuan), old Qiu (today, the river south opening the border), the West River
(now Henan Luoyang West to Huayin east of Shaanxi) has the nature of capital, of which Shangqiu, pour into the temporary capital;
There is no dynasty capital, Xian (now in the northwestern suburbs of Zhengzhou, or Shandong, Henan Province, is somewhere) (now Henan North), Xing (Bailey, Geng, today
Hebei, Xingtai (now Shandong Qufu), Yan Yin), etc.; and the archaeological discoveries of the Erlitou site (top, Zhengzhou Mall (without looking), Yan)
Mall (West Division did), Huanbei shangcity (phase), Anyang Yinxu (Yin) and other sites, all have the nature of capital.
In the establishment of the capital, the period of the Xia and Shang Dynasty carried out both the capital system and the multi capital system.
Because of the vast territory and the inconvenience of traffic, the Shang Dynasty was at the same time in setting up a major capital city.
In its layout, there was another or a few auxiliary politics, military center. The main and auxiliary system sprout in the period of Xia Yu.
In the period of the emperor's Ning, the period of the period of the Xia and Shang Dynasty was quite long. Under the system of main and auxiliary capital, the owners generally did not change or changed less.
To move, while the auxiliary capital according to the political and military needs has been set up and change. Specifically, the Xia Dynasty from Taikang to Jie has been
In order to consider as its principal, Emperor Ning set up the original, the old Qiu, the West River and other auxiliary capital; the early Shang Dynasty was dominated by the Zhengzhou commercial city.
On the other, the establishment of Yanshi City, Xian Xing Yan, etc., which are auxiliary; mainly in the late Shang Dynasty Yin is, but in the Shang Dynasty dynasty song
It also has the nature of the actual auxiliary capital. In the period of the Xia and Shang Dynasty, there was no phenomenon of "repeated migration" under the capital of the capital.
Any reason can lead to the frequent migration of the capital city of the Shang Dynasty, and the archaeological materials prove some summer, and the city of Shang Du City is very long.
That is to say, the period of the Xia and Shang Dynasty has the characteristics of relative stability and relative repeated migration.
G is from Zhengzhou mall rather than from Yan Geng or moved to Yin, and then the reason Pangeng moved to Yin Zheng caused by the frequent floods
The deterioration of the ecological environment is related to the state.
The implementation of the Chinese ancient buildings covered the system was in the initial stage in the early Shang Dynasty; this system was formally
As the most famous buildings covered not far away from the West was the East Tong palace; late Shang Dynasty is prosperous buildings covered system
Wu Ding period. From the beginning, Mei Yi (i.e. buildings covered Chaoge) until the Emperor Zhou later evolved into the actual nature of all auxiliary palace.
Annex is used in summer, taking the king of entertainment, and summer, besides taking the king hunting of the capital and emperor's lodging when traveling political activities
G
The 8 place.
Z during the summer of the Shang Dynasty, people had consciously chosen the best position to build capital. They followed the main capital (including a capital system).
Three
The capital city under the Z) is both in the middle and the auxiliary system, the city has a superior system of regional ecological environment, and the geomorphic conditions are suitable for the residents.
Z life and city development system. The summer city are mostly located in the river shore, or near lakes, with good water conditions
And water traffic conditions.
Z implementation of Xia and Shang Dynasty city walls system and keep in four system two capital military defense system. Such as the former Zhengzhou mall,
To master the store, mainly in the large walls as capital defense facilities; the latter such as Erlitou ruins, the ruins of Anyang, is light
The capital area of military defense, no large-scale city wall, capital area safety mainly through strengthening the surrounding area
The military defense system to be guaranteed. The city is mostly used in new and old dynasties, social unrest, was declining period, body
This is the fortification of the Wei Jun, Guo Yishou made people "thought of city construction. And keep the edges in the system is generally used in times of peace and
The strong period. In addition, the Xia and Shang Dynasties built walls for the capital also follow the following principles: one is the first palace (Palace
City residents after Guo Cheng), (city) construction order, two is the wall, inner wall, outer wall, city moat, natural rivers etc.
Configuration of multiple defense facilities, three is the local conditions built the city walls.
In the planning layout of the capital, Xia and Shang Dynasty at least by 7 systems: one is the ancestral temple, palace, handicraft workshop
The necessary system; two is the axis of capital system is set up and the palace is a palace area; three district center system; four is a palace area and flat
The area of separation system; five is a palace built area sleep system implemented after the former; six is a palace area with Pool court system, the seven is the king
In a system in the capital of the northwest.
In the summer, the capital city of the Shang Dynasty had a great influence on the surrounding countries, in the location of the capital, the military defense, and the planning cloth.
On the other hand, most of the capital cities of the various countries imitate the summer, the capital city system of the Shang dynasty built the capital city, the Xia, the capital of the Shang Dynasty
Degree has a profound influence on the dynasties of later generations. In summer, the main and auxiliary system of the Shang Dynasty has the most influence on the later dynasties.
Obviously, from the Western Zhou Dynasty to the Ming and Qing Dynasties, many dynasties have implemented the main and auxiliary system. In addition, the Xia and Shang Dynasty
The detached palaces system, capital location system, military defense system, capital planning system, also made on the later dynasties
To a certain degree of influence.
Five
Three
Z

【学位授予单位】：郑州大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2000
【分类号】：K221

【引证文献】