清代贵州“苗疆六厅”治理研究

发布时间：2018-03-30 18:27

  本文选题：清代　切入点：贵州苗疆　出处：《华中师范大学》2016年博士论文

【摘要】：清代是中国多民族统一形成的重要历史时期,贵州黔东南苗疆从雍正“改土归流”以后正式归入“王化”的“版图”。从开辟以前“无君长不相统属”的社会状况进入到设置郡县派遣流官治理时期,苗疆从间接统治过渡到了直接统治的时代。相对于几年的开辟苗疆来讲,100多年苗疆政治、经济、文化、社会的长期治理更是清代面临的主要问题。前人对苗疆研究成果已不少,但主要侧重于经济开发、政治统治、法律调控以及苗汉文明互动等,纵向上没有把有清一代苗疆的政治、经济与社会发展作一个全面总结,横向上也仅对某个问题进行单方面阐述,没有全面揭示苗疆“归流”以后政治、经济、文化、社会的发展与清代治理政策之间的重要关联。清代苗疆治理是一个不断调整、变动、发展的动态过程,反映了朝廷对民族地区治理政策日渐走向成熟的历史轨迹。本文围绕清代苗疆开辟的时代背景,雍乾和咸同两次苗民起事与清廷治理政策的关系,中央治理政策调整与苗疆社会发展状况的互动,“因俗而治”与加强中央控制等既矛盾又统一的问题进行叙述,通过分析清代前中期与后期治理苗疆的不同举措进行比较,从而揭示清代治理苗疆的重要悈变历程,指出清末苗疆治理的重要改革从而结束了苗疆动乱的历史。研究清代苗疆治理的历程和特点不仅可以总结清代治理民族地区政策的得失,也对今天民族区域自治地区的施政有重要借鉴意义。叙论部分提出本文研究的重要问题以及前人对贵州苗疆研究文献的综述,指出苗疆治理研究取得的重要成果与存在的不足,并对相关的重要概念进行诠释。第一章总述改土归流以前苗疆的社会制度概况,如“鼓社”制度调整苗民的宗族关系,“理老”制度维持苗疆村寨的重要支柱,“议榔”组织调整苗疆区域。并简要对明代黔东南苗疆政治社会进行概述。此章为开辟苗疆的论述进行铺垫,也是全篇论文写作的前奏。第二章论述雍正对西南改土归流的重要历史时代背景及其目的以及开辟苗疆的历史过程。文章论述了西南土司制度发展到清代,与大一统政治思想日益冲突,清代为加强对西南交通、经济贸易和国防调整等重要战略的直接控制,在鄂尔泰的建议下进行了历史上著名的“改土归流”。“开辟”黔东南苗疆被纳入改土归流的重要一环。雍正用武力开辟苗疆后,来不及考察苗疆传统社会状况,对苗民直接征收赋税,从而导致雍正晚年爆发了苗民起事。乾隆上台后用张广泗为经理苗疆大臣迅速平定苗疆,从而为乾隆时期苗疆的各项稳健治理打下坚实的基础。第三章论述雍正乾隆时期苗疆政治、经济、社会、文化等秩序的总体治理及成效。政治治理上,雍正开辟苗疆后,首先在苗疆建置“新疆六厅”,军事上在苗疆设营置汛,乾隆时期实行屯田制度,雍正和乾隆鉴于苗疆社会的分散和固有的传统社会习惯机制而采取了较灵活治理措施,在本无土司的苗疆建立了土司制度。乾隆时期苗疆社会治理主要是加大对苗疆基层的调整,对“生苗”“熟苗”采取分治,在基层设立苗寨“头人”制度,苗头隶属于土司,土司又隶属于流官,通过土司分管各苗山寨,借此流官从而统治苗疆社会。在苗疆法制文化风俗治理构建上,乾隆鉴于苗民固有的习惯法传统,规定苗人内部纠纷适用“苗例”仲裁。文化教育建设上,雍正时期就开始在苗疆建设学校,作为化导苗民的一项治理政策来施行。但是乾隆十六年以后考虑到苗民普遍识字会危及清廷的统治,取消了苗疆地区的社学,义学也日渐衰落。经济治理构建上鉴于苗民长期无纳税的传统,乾隆元年下令“永不征收苗赋”,从而促进了苗疆的经济发展；乾隆时期大力发展苗疆交通建设,开浚苗疆水道,建设苗疆驿铺,发展苗疆贸易,并移民开发苗疆,从而使苗疆的治理迈向了内地化的进程。乾隆对苗疆治理能适度采取“因俗而治”的政策,并取得了一定的成效,但是其治理实际上仍然是一种消极的防御政策,如限制汉民移入苗疆,规定汉、苗不能交往,取消苗民接受文化教育、苗疆土地不断落入汉民手中而难以调整等,诸种矛盾错综复杂,从而埋下了嘉道时期严重的社会矛盾。第四章论述嘉庆道光时期苗疆各项社会矛盾的日渐突出。首先是“客民”不断涌入苗疆,苗民土地不断丧失,官、民的高利贷使苗民日益破产,从而伏下了深层次的矛盾。其次是苗疆屯政日益废驰,屯军不断挤压苗民的生存空间,而且苗疆驻地军队的采买制度日久生弊,逐渐演变成了盘剥苗民的一项弊政。鸦片战争以后,厘税在苗疆的推行以及徭役的加重也使苗民生活日益陷入贫困的境地。再加上苗疆土司通事等不断欺凌剥削苗民,官府在政治上与军事上也给苗民形成了巨大的压力。族群文化上,从乾隆时期不断移民苗疆的“客户”,至道光以后苗、汉“主客”地位关系发生了重要的变化,苗、汉文化差异日益成为族群矛盾的焦点。再加上清代后期苗疆人口不断增长,但土地却高度集中到少数人手中,从而使苗疆社会矛盾一触即发。第五章在第四章矛盾发展的基础上简要叙述了苗疆咸同动乱的原因、过程与结果。同治末年,苗民动乱被平定以后,官民经过战争的洗礼,对治理苗疆各项弊端进行了深刻的反省,对苗疆社会各项弊政提出了改革措施。加上咸同动乱以后,苗疆社会阶层也发生了重要的变化,基层地方士绅势力不断上升,为清末贵州苗疆治理的近代化治理重构奠定了下层基础。第六章是本文重点,论述咸同动乱以后苗疆近代化治理的重构。本章主要指出经过了近20年的咸同动乱以后,地方官府与清廷治理苗疆已体现了改革的思想,主要表现在以下几个方面：政治治理构建上：一是逐渐废除“苗疆六厅”土司,从而减轻了苗疆基层苗民的负担；二是苗疆军伍开始向苗民开放,使得苗民第一次有了进入上层体制的窗口,突破了从前“以汉治苗”的樊篱,构建了“以苗治苗”的务实政治治理体系。经济治理重构上：在兼顾各阶层利益基础上规范了苗疆经济与赋税制度,一是坚决废除苗疆陋规,直接向苗民征收固定赋税,从而避免苗民长期受陋规的任意剥削；二是光绪初年朝廷规定“开垦纳赋占田制”,使苗疆土地所有权直接归入民、苗个体家庭,促进了苗疆乱后的经济得以恢复；三是改革了苗疆屯田制度,把屯田逐渐收归地方流官管理,同时取消驻扎苗疆军队的“采买”制度,使苗民生存压力逐渐减轻。文化习俗治理构建上：一是在苗疆大力发展教育,广泛普遍建设学校,苗民从此得以进入学校学习汉语文化,使苗疆文化教育迈入了近代化的重构；二是地方官在政治实践中已体会到民族地区“因俗而治”的传统政治思想重要性,在相对尊重苗民风俗的基础上推行“汉化”政策,从而避免了苗、汉关系的紧张。社会基层的治理构建上：一是通过官府的承认从而提升苗疆地域习惯法以代表正统的国家权威,并以石碑刊刻的方式广泛公布于苗疆基层村寨,晓示地方官员、土弁以及苗民,既适合了苗民的传统习惯,也使国家法制顺利扩张深入苗疆基层；二是在苗疆土官式微之后,地方士绅不断崛起的情况下,朝廷开始在苗疆建立了保甲制度,把苗疆原来流官-土司-苗寨头人-苗民的社会治理结构,过渡到流官-保-甲-苗民的统治结构,从而使苗疆的国家化、内地化进程进一步加深,为苗疆近代化秩序重构奠定了基础；三是面对苗疆村寨分散的特点,流官通过授权地方村寨进行“自治”,此种措施在减少治理成本的同时达到有效构建苗疆基层秩序的目的。结语在前面几章论述的基础上,总结清代苗疆治理的发展规律和特点：一是从国家政权治理角度上看,苗疆治理治理方式从族际主义治理向地域主义治理逐渐转型；二是从政府治理的方式上看,苗疆治理方式从一元治理逐渐向多元治理转型；三是从治理的主体来看,从中央政府直接治理苗疆转入中央政府、地方政府与苗疆地方基层社会共同治理并存上来；四是从治理的性质上看,从防范控制苗疆苗转变到防范与注重苗疆民生的治理并存上来；五是从治理的对象上来看,已从开辟前的边疆治理政策转入了内地化治理模式上来。以上诸种具有改革性的治理措施使苗疆进入了近代化治理重构。
[Abstract]:This paper gives a comprehensive summary of the political , economic , cultural and social development of Miao ' s land in the Qing Dynasty . This chapter discusses the important historical background of Miao ' s land and its purpose and the historical process of opening up the Miao frontier . In the second chapter , the paper discusses the important historical background and purpose of Miao ' s land and its purpose and the historical process of opening up the Miao frontier .
During the reign of Emperor Qian Long , it has made great efforts to develop the traffic construction of Miao and Xinjiang , open the water channel of the Miao frontier , build the Miao border post , develop the seedling land trade , and develop the Miao and Xinjiang , so that the governance of the Miao frontier has become more and more serious . On the basis of the conflict development in the late Qing Dynasty , the local government and the Qing government have carried out the reform measures . In the end of the same period , the local government and the Qing court ruled out the reform measures . In the last few years , the local government and the Qing court ruled out the reform thought , mainly manifested in the following aspects : the construction of political governance : firstly , the division of the " Six Hall of Miao and Xinjiang " is gradually abolished , thus the burden of the Miao people in the Miao and Xinjiang grass - roots level is reduced ;
The second is the opening of the Miao people to the Miao people , so that the Miao people have the first time to enter the window of the upper layer system , break through the former " Miao culture " and construct the practical political governance system of " Miao Zhi Miao " . On the reconstruction of economic governance : On the basis of consideration of the interests of all classes , we standardize the economic and taxation system of Miao and Xinjiang .
The second is that the court in the early years of Guangxu stipulates that " reclamation of the land system " , so that the ownership of the land and land of the Miao territory is directly attributed to the people and the individual families of the seedlings , and the economic recovery after the disturbance of the Miao frontier is promoted ;
The third is the reform of the system of Miao and Xinjiang , the gradual collection of the garrison land to the local flow officer , and the elimination of the " purchase " system of the troops of the troops stationed at the same time , so as to gradually reduce the survival pressure of the Miao people .
Second , the local government has realized the importance of traditional political thought in the ethnic areas in political practice , and promoted the policy of " Han Hua " on the basis of relative respect for the folk customs of Miao people , thus avoiding the tension of Miao and Chinese relations .
Second , in the case of growing up of Miao ' s territory , the court began to establish a security system in the Miao and Xinjiang , and established the social governance structure of the former stream officer , the Tusi - Miao village head and the Miao people , which led to the nationalization of the Miao and the further deepening of the inland process , which laid the foundation for the reconstruction of the modernization order of the Miao and Xinjiang .
On the basis of the previous chapters , the paper summarizes the developing rules and characteristics of the management of Miao ' s land in the Qing Dynasty .
Second , from the way of government governance , Miao - Xinjiang governance gradually transforms from one - element governance to multi - governance ;
Third , from the main body of governance , from the central government directly to the central government , the local government and the local grass - roots level of the grass - roots society co - exist together ;
The fourth is to see from the nature of the governance , from the prevention and control of the seedlings to the prevention and pay attention to the Miao and Xinjiang people ' s livelihood ;
Fifth , from the object of governance , the former frontier governance policy has been transferred to the model of inland management .

【学位授予单位】：华中师范大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2016
【分类号】：K249
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本文编号：1687097