先秦时期社会救助思想研究

发布时间：2018-04-09 08:27

本文选题：先秦　切入点：社会救助　出处：《郑州大学》2006年博士论文

【摘要】：先秦时期是中国传统社会救助思想的萌芽和初步形成时期，迄今为止史学界对此问题尚缺乏全面而系统的研究。本文采用历史学与社会学相结合的研究方法，重点探讨先秦时期社会救助思想产生的历史背景和灾害救助、贫困救助、特殊救助、国家救助、宗族救助、邻里互助等思想，对其在先秦时期的实施状况、思想基础及对后世的影响作尽可能全面的剖析。任何一种社会思想的出现，都有其赖于产生的历史背景，社会救助思想也是如此。本文第一章认为：在先秦时期，由于自然灾害的频繁发生，兵灾的连绵不断，沉重的徭役赋税及极其低下的生产力发展水平，使广大人民的生活毫无保障。这就需要由国家和社会提供必要的、及时的救助，使人民能够暂时度过难关。同时，这也是缓和阶级矛盾，稳定社会秩序，维护统治阶级利益的重要措施。在中国传统的社会救助思想中，灾害救助思想最为丰富也最为重要，本文第二章重点探讨先秦时期的灾害救助思想。在灾害救助当中，灾前预防与灾后救助是两个最基本的环节。灾前预防思想主要有：重视农业生产；在农业生产发展的基础上增加粮食储存以备灾荒；大力加强水利设施建设，减轻水旱灾害对农业生产和人民生命财产的严重威胁和损失；通过保护森林，改良生态环境，达到防灾减灾的目的。在灾害发生后，主张采取禳天弭灾、散粟赈民、放贷、以工代赈、节约度荒、调粟赈民、减免赋役、施粥等措施救助灾民。此外，由于先秦时期各个诸侯国国土面积狭小，单靠一国之力难以应付自然灾害和其它祸患，因此形成了在国与国之间尤其是同盟国之间相互救助的思想。任何社会都存在一定数量因丧失、缺乏劳动能力或因其它原因而导致贫穷的社会成员，加强对他们的社会救助工作是统治者施政所必须的内容。本文第三章从贫困救助、养老与慈幼、残疾人救助、疾病与丧葬救助、社会优抚等几个方面入手，具体分析先秦时期的贫困救助和特殊救助思想。在贫困救助方面：对鳏寡孤独这一类贫困人员，主张以国家抚养为主；对一般意义上的贫困户，则以禀贷为主。中国自古以来就有尊老、敬老、养老的优良传统，先秦时期，对老人的救助和照顾体现在社会生活的方方面面，包括致仕、减免赋役、减轻刑罚、赐杖等，通过实行国家抚养与家庭赡养相结合的方式，使老人们能够老有所养，老有所为，，安度晚年。在养老的同时，也非常重视慈幼工作，以维系社会的繁衍与文明的继兴。对残疾人的救助是在国家收养的前提下，根据残疾人的生理特点和才能，量能授事，充分发挥残疾人的能力。同时，由于残疾人自身的原因，要酌情减免赋税和徭役。先秦时期的社会救助思想还主张加强疾病救助工作，对无力办丧事者由国家负责购置棺椁，掩埋尸骨。在社会优抚方面，通过物质奖赏、提高社会地位、赐爵等措施，加强对伤亡将士及其家属的救助工作。本文第四章阐述了先秦时期社会救助的主体和客体。先秦时期，社会财富主
[Abstract]:The pre Qin period is the budding Chinese traditional ideas of social assistance and the initial formation period, so far historians are still lack of comprehensive and systematic research. This paper uses historical and sociological research methods combined, focusing on generating social relief thoughts in pre Qin Dynasty and the historical background of disaster relief, poverty relief, special assistance, state aid the neighborhood, clan assistance, such as the thought, implementation in the pre Qin period, the ideological basis and influence as much as possible a comprehensive analysis.
Any a kind of social ideology, has its historical background, so is the idea of social relief. In the first chapter of this article thinks that in the pre Qin period, due to the frequent occurrence of natural disasters, war and the heavy corvee taxes without stop, and extremely low productivity development level, so that the majority of people live without security this requires the state and society to provide the necessary and timely assistance, so people can temporarily survive. At the same time, it is also ease the class contradictions, stabilizing the social order, an important measure to safeguard the interests of the ruling class.
In China traditional thought of social assistance, disaster assistance is the richest and most important, the second chapter of this paper focuses on the pre Qin period. The thoughts of disaster rescue in disaster relief, disaster prevention and disaster relief are two basic links. Pre disaster prevention mainly has: the importance of agricultural production; to preparation of grain stored in famine increase agriculture development; strengthen the construction of water conservancy facilities, flood and drought disasters on agricultural production and people's life and property of the serious threat and loss; the protection of forests, improving the ecological environment, to achieve the purpose of disaster prevention and mitigation. After the disaster, they advocate days to remove disaster relief, millet powder people, lending, FFW, saving Duhuang, millet adjustment relief people, reduction of taxes and corvee, soup measures to rescue victims. In addition, the land area of each state in the pre Qin period is small, rely on the strength of a country is difficult to be As a result of natural disasters and other scourge, the idea of mutual assistance between countries, especially the allies, is formed.
Due to the loss of a certain number of exist in any society, lack of ability to work or for other reasons, lead to poorer members of society, strengthen the necessary content of their rulers policy of social relief work. The third chapter from the poverty relief, pension and Salesian, disabled relief, illness and funeral assistance, several aspects of social care detailed analysis of the pre Qin period, poverty relief and special assistance thought. In the poverty relief: relief of this kind of poor people, they should be adopted by state; of the ordinary poor, mainly in the intrinsic credit. Chinese has a fine tradition of respect, respect for the elderly, pension, the pre Qin period, the the old man's rescue and care in all aspects of social life, including retirement, reduction of taxes and corvee, reduce the penalty, giving staff, through the implementation of national support combined with family support way, The old people can make a sense of worthiness. In the old age pension at the same time, also attaches great importance to the Salesian work, to keep social development and civilized the tool. The relief for the disabled in the premise of national adoption, according to the physiological characteristics and can be disabled, the amount can be granted, give full play to their ability. At the same time, due to the disabled themselves, to reduce taxes and corvee. The Qin Dynasty also advocated the thought of social assistance to strengthen disease relief work, the inability to funeral by the state is responsible for the purchase of the coffin, buried bones. In social care, through material reward, improve the social status, cija and other measures to strengthen the casualties the soldiers and their families relief work.
The fourth chapter of this article expounds the subject and object of social assistance in the pre Qin period. The social wealth owner in the pre Qin Period

【学位授予单位】：郑州大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2006
【分类号】：K225

【引证文献】