东汉庇护者与托庇者关系考论

发布时间：2018-04-14 07:03

本文选题：东汉 + 庇护者　；参考：《社会科学战线》2013年01期

【摘要】：2世纪上层阶级大多数成员的社会政治活动,皆以上下级隶属的私人关系为基础。这些庇护者与托庇者之关系,产生于士子每次拜师受业于经师、接受辟为僚佐之任命、抑或选拔见用于官吏。托庇者应忠诚于庇护者,如其故去则服丧送葬,并在政治纠纷中党同伐异。庇护者亦具有相应的职责,并在托庇者不能展现其恭敬和援助时,解除庇护关系。尽管大多数庇护者与托庇者的关系以地域为纽带,但身居庙堂的高官时常从全国各地网罗门生。庇护者与托庇者之关系,亦可超越两人关系,拓展至隶属于同一举主的门生故吏以及庇护者之庇护者所共同建立的网络。这种网络的组织方式独立于常规的政府体制之外。89年以降,各家外戚顾命大臣轮番执掌朝政,便首次利用这种网络。140名官僚奋起反对外戚阉宦专权,也依赖其庇护者和托庇者网络,他们深信其托庇者必将施以援手和护翼,这也激励地方官僚着手进攻其政敌的托庇者。170—180年党锢之祸后,由于许多被朝廷免黜官爵的人物相继加入,庇护者与托庇者的网络依然强劲有力。但是,随着汉帝国的崩溃,对于上层阶级的人物而言,卷入庇护者与托庇者网络的私人主从关系业已失去吸引力,个人之间的联系也逐渐变为以共同的身份和宗族为基石。
[Abstract]:The social and political activities of most members of the upper class in the 2 th century were based on the personal relationship of superior and subordinate.The relationship between the patron and the protector arises from the appointment of the master to the master, the appointment of the chief of staff, or the selection of the official.Bereavers should be faithful to the asylum, if they die, mourned and dissimilar in political disputes.The asylum person also has the corresponding duty, and relieves the asylum relationship when the sponsor cannot show respect and assistance.Although the relationship between most asylum-seekers and trustees is geographical, senior officials in temples are often recruited from all over the country.The relationship between the sheltered and the sheltered can also be extended beyond the relationship to the network established by the former student officials who belong to the same host and the asylum of the asylum.The organization of this network is independent of the conventional system of government. In 1989, when ministers were appointed to run the government in turn, they used the network for the first time to rise up against the arbitrary power of foreign ministers and castrations.They also rely on their network of patrons and trustees, who are convinced that their bearers will help and defend them, which has also inspired local bureaucrats to set out against their opponents' torturers. 170-180 years after the party's imprisonment,The network of asylum and protectors remains strong as many of the court's ousted dignitaries have joined.However, with the collapse of the Han Empire, for the figures of the upper class, the relationship between the private owners involved in the network of protectors and torturers has lost their attraction, and the relationship between individuals has gradually become based on a common identity and clan.
【作者单位】：华盛顿大学历史系;山西大学历史文化学院;
【分类号】：K234.2

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