唐代的外来香药研究

发布时间：2018-04-22 23:32

本文选题：丝绸之路贸易 + 香药　；参考：《陕西师范大学》2006年博士论文

【摘要】： 本文从丝绸之路上的贸易额是如何平衡的这一问题入手，发现中古中国进口之香药无论在数量上还是总价值额上跟出口之丝绸相比，都毫不逊色；且目前中国境内所出土的少量萨珊波斯帝国的银币也无法证明当时的国际贸易是用通货支付的这一理论。故笔者认为香药换丝绸实为中古时代东西方贸易之主要推动力。鉴于此点认识，本文对从葱岭以西、地中海以东广大的西域地区输入唐代中国的各种香药进行了考察，并着重探讨这些外来香药在唐人世俗生活中之广泛应用，此外，对于唐代向西域商胡所征商税的用途以及唐代广州的香药贸易等问题也作了探讨，，初步得出以下认识：通过对唐前期正史和笔记小说中几乎没有使用银铤的记载，笔者认为William Watson所提出的萨珊波斯帝国的银币曾被大量改铸成银铤的理论不能成立。通过对焉耆一地有银山的考察，笔者以为吐鲁番出土文书中所提到的银币大部分当为西域诸国自铸或仿铸的银钱，而非由萨珊波斯帝国所传入的银币。中国考古所发现的少量萨珊波斯帝国的银币并不能证明中伊之间的贸易额是靠贵金属来平衡的。笔者通过对海陆路香药贸易的考察，认为东西方贸易的中介商——波斯人和粟特人购买中国丝绸时，并未支付贵金属，而是巧妙地为中国人运来了质轻价昂的香药，换走了唐人巧夺天工的丝绸。通过对外来香药在唐代世俗生活中之广泛应用的研究，笔者发现文明的交流是互惠的，在我们向西方世界输出华贵优美的丝绸时，从葱岭以西、地中海以东的广大西域地区也给我们送来了祭祀拜神、调味美容、薰衣治病所用之香药。这些传入唐土的香药极大地丰富了唐人的生活，增添了唐人的生活情趣，提升了唐人的生活品味，并解除了唐人的疾病痛苦。而唐代文明之所以能取得空前绝后之发展的原因，正应该归功于海陆路丝绸之路上的商贸往来以及与之伴生的文明交流。此外，对外来香药的崇尚与喜爱，也说明唐人是胸怀开阔的，善于吸纳不同地区和国家的人们所创造的优秀文明。从地中海到印度洋、从波斯湾到河中地，只要是芬芳四溢、品质优良的香药都能在唐代医籍中找到。同时唐人又是理智的和尚于思索的，对于所引进的外来香药，不是简单地照搬其在本土的用途和功效，而是将其吸收、消化后，进行创新使用，并返传至丝绸之路沿线，这可从敦煌吐鲁番出土的医方文书中得到反映。该地医方中所用之药物虽有许多产自印度，但其所用之医方却有很多在梵语医典中没有，而是与中医药方书籍中所载一致，证明其曾受到内地主流中医学的影响。据史籍记载，对陆上丝绸之路上从事转贩贸易的西域商胡征收商税，始自十六国时期沮渠氏所建立的北凉王朝。沮渠氏虽非汉族，然能欣赏汉化，并任用精通经史之汉人典掌机密，故其在财政上能远绍周代，近承西晋、前凉以来之关市征税制度。而其都城姑臧内有许多从中亚来的粟特胡商，又成为北凉政权之所以能切税商胡的根本所在。关于其征收商税所得的具体数字，史籍中无载。然据《魏书·卢水胡沮渠蒙逊传》载，北凉府库中，金银珠玉、珍奇器物不可胜计。通过对吐鲁番出土文书《高昌内藏奏得称价钱帐》的考察，笔者发现该件文书中香料的交易额高达2933斤，而广义的香药的交易额竟高达4121斤，远非文书中所载丝和金属的小笔交易量所能比。故香药贸易在丝绸之路贸易的份额中实占有举足轻重之地位。通过对高昌国所征“称价钱”在所交易商品的总价值中所占比率的计算，发现其仅达0．11％，故笔者认为“称价钱”是由于使用官方度量衡器而由买卖双方所共同缴纳的一种官物使用费，而不是商税。高昌国时期铁勒从高昌等丝路重镇征收了巨额商税，用于供给东西突厥开疆拓土所需之军费，这是东西突厥从6世纪中期到7世纪初年能雄踞漠北草原和内陆亚洲的经济基础。笔者通过对唐开天时期安西、北庭两地军费开支的估算，初步认为，开元七年之后，唐每年向西域商胡所征收的商税约在10万贯以上。这笔商税使唐在西域地区所设之军镇向部分自给或全额自给的方向演变，既有效地解决了该地的军资供给，又解除了中央对该地供军的负担，从而避免了税敛内地人民以供西北边疆之用的古老做法，使得内地的经济得到苏息，而边防之实力又得到加强，遂开创有唐一代之全盛局面。从这个意义上说，开元盛世的奥秘正是《新唐书·西域传》所载之“税西域商胡以供四镇。” 通过对唐代广州香药贸易的考察，笔者认为唐前期活跃在波斯湾到南中国海上贩运香药的主要是波斯人；而在762年之后，随着黑衣大食帝国迁都巴格达，遂带来了中国与阿拉伯之间海上贸易的黄金时代，而阿拉伯人也由此介入了获利巨大的海上香药贸易。通过对岭南市舶使设立时间及其职能的考察，笔者以为从开元二年设立市舶使后，唐王朝就开始对广州外商征收关税——舶脚了，笔者通过对南朝及唐后期关税率的考察，并参照黑衣大食帝国的关税率，认为唐代广州舶脚的征收率约为10％．
[Abstract]:This paper starts with the question of how the trade volume on the Silk Road is balanced , and finds that the Chinese traditional Chinese medicine is not inferior to the exported silk in quantity or in total value .
In view of this point , the author points out that the traditional Chinese medicine is the main driving force for the trade in the East and West of the Chinese ancient times . In view of this point , the author points out that it is widely used in Chinese ancient times .

In this paper , the author thinks that the silver coin of Shaan Persian Empire proposed by William Watson could not be established by a large amount of silver coins . The author thinks that the silver coins mentioned in William Watson ' s silver coin have been converted into silver coins by precious metals .

Through the study of the widely applied Chinese herbal medicine in the secular life of the Tang Dynasty , the author finds that the exchange of civilization is mutually beneficial . When we export the beautiful silk to the western world , it also brings us a fragrant medicine for the worship of worship , seasoning and curing .

In addition , the worship and affection of the externally fragrant medicine also show that the Tang people are the excellent civilizations created by people in different regions and countries . They are absorbed and digested , and are returned to the Silk Road along the Silk Road . The medicines used in the medicine are consistent with those contained in the traditional Chinese medicine books , and prove that they have been affected by the mainstream Chinese medicine in the Mainland .

According to the historical records , the merchant tax is levied on the merchant Hu who is engaged in the trade on the land Silk Road , which is founded in the 16th National Period , the Northern Song Dynasty .

The author finds that the transaction amount of perfume in this instrument is as high as 2933 jin , and the transaction amount of the broad fragrant drug is as high as 4121 jin , and the transaction volume of the broad fragrant drug is up to 0 . 11 % . Therefore , the author thinks that " the price " is a kind of official use fee which is paid by both the buyer and the seller by the use of the official counter .

Based on the estimation of the military expenditure of Anxi and BeiJing during the Tang Dynasty , the author believes that after seven years of Kaiyuan , the commercial tax collected by Tang in the western region is about 100,000 more than a year . Microsoft.TeamFoundation . Modeling.dll

Through the investigation of the trade of Guangzhou Xiangyao in Tang Dynasty , the author thinks that the main source of the drug trafficking in the Persian Gulf to the South China Sea is the Persians .
After 762 years , with the move of the black - clothing empire to Baghdad , the golden age of maritime trade between China and Arabia has been brought . The author thinks that after the establishment of the city from Kaiyuan , the author thinks that after the establishment of the city in Kaiyuan , the Tang Dynasty began imposing duties on the foreign businessmen of Guangzhou .

【学位授予单位】：陕西师范大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2006
【分类号】：K242

【引证文献】