清代乡地职役人员问题考辨

发布时间：2018-04-23 00:35

本文选题：清代 + 乡地　；参考：《北京师范大学学报(社会科学版)》2013年01期

【摘要】：清代乡地人员的设置大致分为"基层"与"地方"二级,村、庄等自然聚落一般设一人或数人,"地方"一级或为"独任制",或为"合任制"。乡地人员应充须具备"家道殷实"等条件。充任"地方"需要经地方推举、官府传验、批准等程序;基层乡地人员应充的基本形式为轮充、推选和"地方"选派,此外还存在代理、私授、朋充、霸充、差役点充和绅士指定等非常规形式。州县官府通过建立担保、点卯、请假、退役、失职和违法惩处等制度对乡地人员进行管理。乡地人员作为"职役",一方面相对于普通民人是一个权力群体,另一方面又被官府视为较普通民人还要卑贱的奴仆。在乡村社会中,乡地人员有时充当"领袖"角色,办理本地"自治"性事务,承担一些重要社会职能。清代乡村社会结构复杂,官府与乡村、士绅与普通乡民以及其他各种矛盾相互交织,乡地人员往往会陷入这些矛盾的漩涡之中。在中国传统的政治社会体制下,"官府"要将自己的统治机制深入乡村社会,但为了节省行政成本而不肯设立理性化的基层政府组织,为了保证"官治"的权威而不肯实行某种形式的自治制度,因此只能借助私人势力、社会势力来履行公权。这种体制的运作,必然导致整个统治机制的腐化和经济社会的危机。
[Abstract]:The establishment of rural personnel in Qing Dynasty can be divided into basic level and local secondary, village, Zhuang and other natural settlements, such as one or more people, "local" level or "sole appointment system" or "co-appointment system". Rural personnel should be filled with "good manners" and other conditions. Acting as a "local" requires local election, official transmission, verification, approval and other procedures. The basic forms of grass-roots rural personnel should be filled by rotation, selection and "local" selection. In addition, there are also agents, private schools, friends and overseers, Unconventional forms such as post-filling and gentleman-appointed. State and county officials through the establishment of guarantees, orders, leave, retirement, dereliction of duty and illegal punishment and other systems for the management of rural personnel. Rural personnel as "duty service", on the one hand relative to the ordinary people is a power group, on the other hand, the government is regarded as a lower slave than ordinary people. In rural society, rural personnel sometimes act as "leaders", handle local "autonomous" affairs, and undertake some important social functions. In the Qing Dynasty, the rural social structure was complex, the government and the village, the gentry and the ordinary villagers and other contradictions intertwined, the rural personnel often fell into the whirlpool of these contradictions. Under the traditional Chinese political and social system, the "government" wants to deepen its own ruling mechanism into the rural society, but in order to save administrative costs, it refuses to set up rational grass-roots government organizations. In order to ensure the authority of "official rule" and refuse to implement some form of autonomy system, it can only rely on private forces, social forces to carry out public power. The operation of this system will inevitably lead to the corruption of the entire ruling mechanism and economic and social crisis.
【作者单位】：首都师范大学历史学院;
【基金】：国家社会科学基金项目“清代州县行政与乡里制度研究”(02BZS006)
【分类号】：K249;D691.42

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