清代民族政策法制化研究

发布时间：2018-04-24 20:07

本文选题：清代 + 民族政策　；参考：《中央民族大学》2010年博士论文

【摘要】： 依法治国,建设社会主义法治国家是建设中国特色社会主义的重要战略之一。在多民族国家中,完善的民族法体系是建设社会主义法治国家的前提之一,也是建设社会主义法治国家的重要内容。新时期的民族法制建设应当借鉴古今中外民族法制实践的经验和教训。清朝是中国最后一个封建制王朝,代表了中国封建社会的发展的顶峰。清代的民族政策和民族法集中国历代王朝之大成,是中国民族事务法制化管理的代表之作。清代的民族政策法制化实践过程是当前民族法制建设最好的历史参照物。政策和法律是最常见的两种社会规范,是国家调整社会关系、进行社会管理的有效工具和手段。它们互相配合、互相作用,共同维护有利于统治阶级的社会秩序。政策法制化包括三个方面的内容：一是政策的制度化；二是政策的合法化；三是政策的法律化。政策法制化是实现社会管理规范化和制度化的前提及基础。清代的民族政策发展经历了从不完善到逐渐完善的长期发展过程。其发展过程大致可以分为雏形期、发展完善期、调整期三个阶段。清代民族政策的主要内容是以皇权至上和国家统一为原则的若干基本措施和策略的集合。具体包括高度重视、恩威并施、因俗而治、循序渐进、分而治之、综合管理等几个方面。从清代民族政策与元代民族政策的对比我们可以更清晰地看出清代民族政策的先进性。清代民族政策的实践过程不仅促进了中华民族多元一体格局的发展,而且为后世的民族事务管理和民族关系调整提供了宝贵经验和新的思路。同时,清代的民族政策也同历代民族政策一样,存在着若干的局限性。清代民族政策法制化实践与清代民族政策的发展相对应,经历了形成、发展到完善的过程。经过近300多年的发展,清朝中央政府设立了民族事务管理的专门机构——理藩院,制定了完备的民族法体系。清代的民族法体系,可以按法的阶层分为中央立法和地方立法,也可以分为针对不同民族的立法。清代民族立法以建立和维护国家统一、法制统一、维护封建统治与社会稳定为原则。清代民族立法的特点包括因俗立法、礼法并用、形式多样、及时立废改、分而治之、重视宗教六个方面。清代的民族政策法制化形成了民族事务管理的专门化和法制化，保证了边疆地区的长期稳定与发展,但同时也明显存在着阶级局限性、民族局限性和时代局限性。清代民族政策法制化是对历史上的民族法制管理思想、机构设置、管理方式和民族法继承与发展的结果。清代的民族政策法制化对我国统一多民族国家的巩固、中华民族凝聚力的增强和后世的民族事务管理具有积极的影响。清代民族政策法制化对当代民族法制建设的启示和借鉴作用可以分为两个方面：一是形式方面的意义,一是内容方面的意义。在形式方面,从清朝政府对民族问题的重视看,我们急需改变当今民族工作的边缘化做法；从清代民族法的具体化看,我们应当及时消除我国民族法律政策化的倾向；从清代地方民族立法情况看,我们应当进行民族立法的深化改革。在内容方面,清代民族法运用文化手段来调整民族关系给当代民族法利用民族文化增强中华民族凝聚力提供了有益的借鉴；清代民族法对少数民族上层人士的优待给当代民族干部立法提供了新思路；清代的宗教法制化管理为当代的宗教立法提供了模板；清代民族立法在边疆发展方面的缺陷为当代的民族经济立法提供了反面教材。总之,清代民族政策法制化实践值得我们认真研究和推敲,对当代的民族法制建设具有重要的借鉴意义。
[Abstract]:Governing the country by law and building a socialist country under the rule of law are one of the important strategies for building socialism with Chinese characteristics. In a multi-ethnic country, a perfect national law system is one of the prerequisites for building a socialist country under the rule of law. It is also an important content of building a socialist country under the rule of law. The experience and lessons of the practice of national legal system. The Qing Dynasty was the last feudal system in China, which represented the peak of the development of the Chinese feudal society. The national policy and national law of the Qing Dynasty were the representative of the legal management of Chinese Ethnic Affairs. The legal practice of the national policy in the Qing Dynasty was the current nation. The best historical reference for the construction of the legal system.
Policy and law are the two most common social norms. It is an effective tool and means for the state to adjust social relations and carry out social management. They cooperate and interact with each other to safeguard the social order of the ruling class. The legal system of policy includes three aspects: one is the institutionalization of policy; and the two is the legalization of policy. The three is the legalization of policies. The legalization of policies is the premise and foundation for realizing the standardization and institutionalization of social management.
The development of national policy in the Qing Dynasty has experienced a long period of development from imperfect to gradual perfection. Its development process can be divided into three stages: the embryonic stage, the development period and the adjustment period. The main content of the national policy in the Qing Dynasty is the collection of some basic measures and Strategies based on the principle of the supremacy of the imperial power and the unity of the state. We can see more clearly the advanced nature of the national policy in the Qing Dynasty. The practice process of the national policy of the Qing Dynasty not only promoted the development of the Chinese ethnic pluralistic one, but also the latter. The management of Ethnic Affairs and the adjustment of ethnic relations in the world have provided valuable experience and new ideas. At the same time, the national policy of the Qing Dynasty, like the national policies of the past dynasties, has some limitations.
The legal practice of the national policy of the Qing Dynasty corresponds to the development of the national policy in the Qing Dynasty. It has experienced the formation and development of the national policy. After nearly 300 years of development, the central government of the Qing Dynasty established a special institution of national affairs management, the Academy of nationalities, and established a complete system of national law. It is divided into central legislation and local legislation. It can also be divided into legislation for different nationalities. The national legislation in the Qing Dynasty aims to establish and maintain national unity, the unification of the legal system, and the maintenance of the feudal rule and social stability. The characteristics of the national legislation in the Qing Dynasty include the custom legislation, the etiquette and the use, the various forms, the timely abolishment, the divide and treatment, and the importance of religion six On the other hand, the legalization of the national policy in the Qing Dynasty formed the specialization and legalization of the management of ethnic affairs, which ensured the long-term stability and development of the border areas, but at the same time there were obviously class limitations, national limitations and limitations of the times. The legal system of national policy in the Qing Dynasty has a positive impact on the consolidation of the unified multi-ethnic country, the strengthening of the cohesion of the Chinese nation and the management of Ethnic Affairs in the later generations.
The enlightenment and reference function of the legalization of the ethnic policy in the Qing Dynasty on the construction of the contemporary national legal system can be divided into two aspects: one is the meaning of the form and the meaning of the content. In form, from the attention of the Qing government to the national problem, we need to change the marginalization of the work of the people in the present time; from the national law of the Qing Dynasty In the concrete view, we should eliminate the tendency of national legal policy in time. From the situation of local national legislation in the Qing Dynasty, we should carry out the deepening reform of national legislation. In content, the Qing Dynasty national law uses cultural means to adjust national relations to provide the national culture to enhance the cohesion of the Chinese nation by the national culture. In the Qing Dynasty, the legal management of the religious legalization of the Qing Dynasty provided a template for the contemporary religious legislation, and the defects of the national legislation in the Qing Dynasty provided the opposite teaching material for the contemporary people's economic legislation.
In short, the practice of the legalization of ethnic policies in the Qing Dynasty deserves our careful study and deliberation, which is of great significance to the construction of the contemporary national legal system.

【学位授予单位】：中央民族大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2010
【分类号】：K249

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