清代文献辨伪学研究

发布时间：2018-04-26 15:34

本文选题：清代 + 文献整理　；参考：《南开大学》2010年博士论文

【摘要】：清代文献辨伪学是一个学术性和思想性兼具的课题,有着重要的理论价值和现实意义,但是尚未有人对其进行全面、系统地研究。笔者有感于此选作该题,勉力为之。本文主要讨论以下五方面内容： (1)探讨了有关辨伪学、文献辨伪学的一系列理论问题。并对二十世纪初年迄今,文献辨伪研究的状况进行回顾。同时对本文的选题意义、理论方法等进行了简要说明。(2)回顾了清以前文献辨伪学发展的历史及其成就。文献辨伪学发端于先秦,形成于两汉,复经隋唐、宋明数百年发展,取得了巨大的成就。清人的文献辨伪研究就是在这样的基础上发展起来的。(3)分析了清代文献辨伪学发展的动力和环境问题。文献辨伪学的存在和发展同所处时代和社会息息相关。清代的文献辨伪学能够继续发展并取得巨大成就,是清代学术和社会对其提出的内在要求和它们所给予的外部环境共同作用的结果。(4)分清初、清中期和清后期三个阶段,系统考察清人文献辨伪研究的状况。笔者从知人论世的角度,对顾炎武以降数十名学者的文献辨伪成就进行个案分析,还专设“图书”辨伪、《古文尚书》辨伪、《周礼》辨伪、《竹书纪年》辨伪等专题,此外还对《总目提要》的辨伪学成就进行了全面研究。(5)最后总结了清人文献辨伪学研究的学科体系、辨伪学成就和清代文献辨伪研究的现代启示等。本文对清代文献辨伪学、中国学术史及社会现实均不无意义,其主要创新点可概括如下： (1)首次明确规定文献辨伪学的学科体系,确立文献辨伪学研究的理论框架。现代的文献辨伪研究存在诸多问题,如混淆文献辨伪与考订文献作者及其成书年代的关系、混淆文献真伪考辨和史料真伪甄别的关系、仅仅视文献辨伪为文献整理的方法、往往阉割文献辨伪的思想性意义,等等。这突出反映了文献辨伪学理论研究中的阙失,因此亟需对其进行完善。笔者所为,是对既有理论框架的突破,是对文献辨伪学史的重写。(2)全面清理清以前文献辨伪发展的历史,为考量清代文献辨伪成就提供合理的参照标准。清人的文献辨伪研究渊源有自,因此全面把握清以前文献辨伪学发展的历史,是正确认识清代学者文献辨伪研究状况、准确把握清代文献辨伪学发展程度、合理定位清代文献辨伪学学术成就的基础和关键。在这一点上,学界目前还作得不够。(3)系统考察清代文献辨伪学发展的动因和外部环境,这是以往学界多忽视的问题。笔者将清代文献辨伪学发展的内在要求归纳为守卫圣经圣道、处理遗留问题等七个方面。同时也综合考察了清代文献辨伪学发展的社会环境和人文环境,探讨了文献辨伪与政治、经济、文化和社会思潮之间的关系。从而揭示出清代文献辨伪学发展的深刻社会背景和原因。学界目前对文献辨伪学发展动因和环境关注的不足与对文献辨伪认识的片面之间有着因果关系。(4)整体把握清代文献辨伪学发展的阶段性特征,准确定位清代文献辨伪研究的学术地位。就阶段性特征而言,清初文献辨伪气势磅礴,清中期精益求精,清后期则能推陈出新,三者各具特色,鼎足而立。清代辨伪学家,初步统计有213人,考辨文献涉及783种。从文献辨伪学通史的角度,其巅峰地位是无可置疑的。以往学界对清代文献辨伪学特征和学术地位的认识不清,且多有妄论,笔者的结论,不无意义。(5)全面分析清人文献辨伪研究的理论方法和思想观念。在辨伪方法问题上,参照前代,笔者认为清人少有发明；一些学者动辄十几种、数十种的罗列办法,也非允当。在辨伪思想方面,笔者特别强调了清人文献辨伪的思想性因素,特别是对维护经学正统、治学以经世的问题阐发颇多。已有成果中多将文献辨伪视为文献整理的方法、或无视其思想性意义,笔者以为不妥。(6)驳正对清代学者文献辨伪学成就的不恰当定位。笔者通过重点考察和宏观描述相结合的方式,以重要学者的深入分析支撑起宏观描述,以宏观描述的广泛开展给个别学者的学术定位以合理的参照系统。通过这样的方式驳正了已有研究成果中对个别学者过高估计或贬抑太过的问题,前者如阎若璩、姚际恒、崔述等,后者如毛奇龄等。(7)订正清代史料中的记载及其解读中的错误。如《阎若璩年谱》、乾隆本《古文尚书疏证》中记载的阎若璩东归过灵璧的时间；朱彝尊等关于万斯大《周官辨非》考条数量的记载等,都是清代史料记载中的错误。如林庆彰等所谓黄宗羲在“十六字心传”问题上态度有“重大转变”问题；如司马朝军的《辨伪书目》中误收67种文献,却漏掉224种文献的问题；如姚际恒《古今伪书考》中考辨伪书的确切数目等,都是对清代史料的错误解读。诸如此类问题,笔者多有订正。
[Abstract]:The literature discrimination in the Qing Dynasty is an academic and ideological subject, which has important theoretical value and practical significance, but has not yet been comprehensively and systematically studied. The author is deeply impressed by the choice of this question. This article mainly discusses the following five aspects:
(1) a series of theoretical problems related to the science of discrimination and literature discrimination are discussed. The status of the study of literature discrimination is reviewed in the first year of twentieth Century. At the same time, the significance and the theoretical method of this article are briefly explained. (2) the history and achievements of the development of the literature discrimination before the Qing Dynasty are reviewed. Qin, formed in the Han Dynasty and after the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the song and Ming dynasties developed for hundreds of years, made great achievements. The study of Qing man's literature discrimination was developed on this basis. (3) analysis of the dynamic and environmental problems of the development of literature discrimination in the Qing Dynasty. The existence and development of literature discrimination is closely related to the times and society in the Qing Dynasty. The literature of the Qing Dynasty The study of falsehood can continue to develop and achieve great achievements. It is the result of the internal requirements and the external environment they give by the Qing Dynasty and the society. (4) in the early Qing Dynasty, the middle Qing Dynasty and the late Qing Dynasty, the author systematically investigated the status of the study of the Qing man's literature discrimination. From the angle of understanding the world, the author reduced Gu Yanwu. Dozens of scholars have made a case analysis of the achievements of the literature discrimination, and also specially set up "books" to distinguish the false, the ancient book, the falsehood discrimination, the Zhou etiquette, the falsehood discrimination and the false identification of the bamboo book. In addition, a comprehensive study of the achievements of the discrimination of the general catalogue was also studied. (5) finally, the subject system of the study of the literature discrimination of the Qing man, the achievements of the pseudoscience and the Qing Dynasty were summarized. Modern apocalypse for the study of literature discrimination.
This article is of great significance to the study of literature discrimination in the Qing Dynasty, Chinese academic history and social reality. Its main innovations can be summarized as follows:
(1) for the first time, the disciplinary system of literature discrimination is clearly defined and the theoretical framework of the study of literature discrimination is established. There are many problems in the study of the modern literature discrimination, such as confusing the relationship between literature identification and the dating of the literature writers and their books, confusing the relationship between the authenticity and authenticity of the literature and the authenticity of the materials. The method of theory is often castrating the ideological meaning of the literature identification, and so on. It highlights the lack of the theory of literature discrimination, so it needs to be perfected. The author is the breakthrough of the existing theoretical framework and the rewriting of the history of the literature discrimination. (2) the history of the history of the literature discrimination in the past is clear and clear. It provides a reasonable reference standard for the achievements of the literature discrimination. The study of the literature discrimination of the Qing Dynasty has a profound origin. Therefore, the history of the development of the literature discrimination before the Qing Dynasty is fully grasped. It is a correct understanding of the research status of the scholars in the Qing Dynasty, the accurate grasp of the development degree of the literature discrimination in the Qing Dynasty and the basis for the rational positioning of the academic achievements of the literature discrimination in the Qing Dynasty. At this point, the academic circles are still not doing enough at this point. (3) a systematic investigation of the motivation and external environment of the development of the literature discrimination in the Qing Dynasty is a problem that has been overlooked by the previous academic circles. The author sums up the internal requirements of the development of the literature discrimination in the Qing Dynasty, including the guardian of the Holy Bible and the handling of the remaining problems in seven aspects. At the same time, the author also comprehensively inspects the Qing Dynasty. The relationship between literature discrimination and political, economic, cultural and social trends is discussed in the context of the social and humanistic environment of the development of literature discrimination. The profound social background and reasons for the development of the literature discrimination in the Qing Dynasty are revealed. There is a causal relationship between the surfaces. (4) to grasp the stage characteristics of the development of the literature discrimination in the Qing Dynasty as a whole, to accurately locate the academic status of the study of the literature discrimination in the Qing Dynasty. There are 213 preliminary statistics and 783 kinds of literature. From the point of view of the general history of literature discrimination, its peak position is unquestionable. The previous academic circles have not clear understanding of the characteristics and academic status of the literature discrimination and academic status in the Qing Dynasty, and the author's conclusion is of great significance. (5) the theoretical method and thought view of the study of the literature discrimination of the Qing man is completely analyzed. On the question of the method of distinguishing false from the previous generation, the author thinks that there are few inventions of the Qing man; some scholars are prone to a dozen or dozens of methods and are not promised. In the aspect of identifying false ideas, the author especially emphasizes the ideological factors of the falsehood identification of the Qing man, especially for the maintenance of Confucian orthodoxy, and a lot of problems in the study of the world. It is not appropriate for the author to regard literature discrimination as a method of document sorting, or to ignore its ideological significance. (6) refutation of the improper positioning of the achievements of the scholars in the Qing Dynasty. The author supports the macro description by the in-depth analysis of important scholars and the extensive description of the macro description by the in-depth analysis of the important scholars. A reasonable reference system is carried out to the academic orientation of individual scholars. Through this way, the problems that have been overestimated or derogated by some scholars have been overestimated, such as Yan, Yao, Cui, etc., and the latter, such as Mao Qiling. (7) revising the records of the history of the Qing Dynasty and the mistakes in their interpretation. The time of Qian Long's book of Qian Long, the ancient book of Shang Shu, which was recorded in the book of the ancient books, is a mistake in the historical records of the Qing Dynasty, such as Zhu Yizun, such as Lin Qingzhang and so on. For example, Huang Zongxi has a "major transformation" in the "Sixteen word heart" problem; for example, Sima Zhaojun There are 67 kinds of documents that have been mistakenly collected in the "Book discrimination bibliography", but the problems of 224 kinds of literature are missing. For example, yao ji Heng, the exact number of false books in the examination of the ancient and modern forgeries, is the wrong interpretation of the historical materials of the Qing Dynasty.

【学位授予单位】：南开大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2010
【分类号】：G256;K249

【参考文献】