魏晋南北朝隋唐时期陆路丝绸之路上的胡商

发布时间：2018-05-02 14:09

本文选题：魏晋南北朝隋唐时期 + 陆路丝绸之路　；参考：《四川大学》2007年博士论文

【摘要】： 自汉开始，历经魏晋南北朝隋唐，胡商在中国的踪迹屡现于史籍。可以说，追逐商业利益是胡商东来西往的一个主要因素，由于路途的遥远和艰险，他们一般以商队的形式奔波于丝绸之路上。近年来，出土的西安安伽墓、史君墓、流失国外的Miho美术馆北齐石棺床、青海郭里木吐蕃墓棺板画中都有关于商队运营的场面，为我们提供了丰富的图象学的资料。另外，吐鲁番出土的文书中给我们提供了粟特人经商的详细情况，，甚至在敦煌、龟兹等地的一些石窟中也常绘有与中亚、西亚商队有关的壁画。通过对这些考古材料的分析，结合文献材料，对商队的行走路线进行跟踪，并且揭示商队在丝绸之路行进途中的活动情况，进而对其商队的规模、主要参与者进行论述。要对胡商的经商活动进行分析研究，首先必须对“胡”与胡商的概念进行界定，主要论述不同历史时期“胡”的所指有所不同，必须对这一概念的发展变化进行分析。另外，胡商所包括的民族成份是相当复杂的，对胡商概念的内涵和外延进行分析也是很有必要的。魏晋南北朝隋唐时期的北方墓葬中，常出土有骑驼或牵驼、牵马胡俑，还有载货驼俑、马俑、驴俑等一系列陶俑的组合，这些出土的大量胡人俑为我们提供了丝绸之路上商业活动的繁荣景象，表现了墓主人对他们曾经经商的场面难以忘怀，是他们记忆中抹之不去的情节。这些出土的陶俑不能不引起我们的重视，通过对这些陶俑进行分型、排列，证明它们与商人经商的场面有密切的联系。由于在丝绸之路上是远距离运营，路途风险很大，加之古代丝绸之路上经常有盗贼出没，这就要求他们必须组成商队。尽管这样，仍然会遇到危险情况。古代商队在丝绸之路上的行走路线是一个值得关注的问题，因为粟特人是古代最活跃的商业民族，通过对粟特人经商的行走路线的跟踪，观察其商队在途中的行进和歇息情况。通过分析论证，发现丝绸之路上的商队是一种民族成份多元化的混合型商队，有时商队的规模是庞大的。中亚、西亚等国家与中原王朝的贸易方式主要有朝贡贸易和民间互市贸易两种形式。本文通过对中亚、西亚等国的朝贡记录进行梳理，旨在说明这一时期中原王朝与西方诸国的经济交往的频率。并且还对胡商的民间商业贸易活动进行分析，讨论这些入华商人在中原的活动特点。根据出土的考古学材料和文献记载，发现商人在从中亚通往中国内地的沿途要路以及贸易目的地设置聚落，并以之为据点组成商队进行贸易活动。对此，从北朝时期开始，中央还专门设置萨宝这一官职，对胡人聚落进行管理，聚落带有一定的自治性质。到了唐代，对聚落的管理进一步加强。入华粟特商人进行贸易活动，必须持有政府所发的“过所”才能顺利进行。通过出土的实物资料、吐鲁番文书以及文献的记载，发现胡商在丝绸之路上经营的商品，主要以奢侈品为主，具有体积小，便于携带而价格昂贵、利润率高的特点。胡商除了进行丝绸贸易外，还进行了奴婢、骆驼与马匹的交易。丝绸之路中国境内发现的一些带有异域风格的器物以及波斯银币和拜占庭金币与胡商的商业活动是密不可分的。胡商在从事大规模贸易的同时，也传播语言、艺术、技艺和宗教。随着异域物质文化的传入，异域精神文化也随之传入，如祆教、摩尼教、景教等“三夷教”在唐代曾兴盛一时。僧侣进入中原是伴随商业活动、或者说在商业活动的带动和影响下，进行宗教传播活动的。另外，商人在经商的同时，也将中原文化传入了中亚地区。东西方之间物质与精神文化的交流，很大程度上都是通过商业活动这一媒介而进行的。通过对入华商人的宗教保留情况和文化传播情况进行论述，来说明他们的经商活动在促进东西方的经济和文化交流方面，扮演了重要角色。
[Abstract]:Since the Han Dynasty, after the Wei, Jin, northern and Southern Dynasties and the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the traces of Hu merchants in China are always in the history books. It can be said that the pursuit of commercial interests is a major factor for Hu Shang Dong to come to the West. As a result of the distant and difficult journey, they generally run on the Silk Road in the form of the caravan. In recent years, the unearthed Tomb of an gal in Xi'an, the tomb of Shi Jun, and the loss of M abroad IHO Art Museum, Beiqi stone coffin, Qinghai Guo Mu Tubo tomb coffin plate painting of the coffin of the carcoffa operation scene, provided us with a rich picture of the information. In addition, Turpan unearthed documents provide us with the details of the business of the milieu, even in Dunhuang, kuizi grottoes and other places often painted with Central Asia, West The sub caravan related mural. Through the analysis of these archaeological materials and the literature and materials, it follows the walking route of the caravan and reveals the activities of the caravan on the route of the Silk Road, and then discusses the size of the caravan and the main participants.
In order to analyze and study the business activities of Hu Shang, we must first define the concept of Hu and Hu Shang, and mainly discuss the differences between Hu and Hu in different historical periods. It is necessary to analyze the development and changes of this concept. The continuation of the analysis is also necessary.
In the northern tombs of the Wei, Jin, northern and Southern Dynasties and the Sui and Tang Dynasties, a series of pottery terracotta warriors, such as camels or camels, the terracotta warriors, the terracotta warriors, the terracotta warriors and the donkey figurines, were unearthed, which provided us with the prosperity of the commercial activities of the silk road. These terracotta terracotta figures, which are unearthed, can not be ignored, and they are typed and arranged to prove that they are closely related to the merchant's business.
Because of the long distance operation on the Silk Road, the road is very risky, and the ancient Silk Road often has thieves, which requires that they have to form a caravan. In spite of this, there is still a danger. The walking route of the ancient caravan on the silk road is a matter of concern, because the miliary is the most active in ancient times. The commercial people, through the tracking of the walking route of the milieu businessmen, observe the marching and resting conditions of their caravans on the way. Through the analysis and demonstration, the caravans on the Silk Road are found to be a mixed group of ethnic components, and sometimes the size of the caravans is huge.
The trade modes of Central Asia, Western Asia and other countries of Central Asia mainly include two forms of tribute trade and private exchange trade. By combing the tribute records of Central Asia and Western Asia, the purpose of this article is to explain the frequency of economic exchanges between the Central Plains and the western countries. On the basis of the archaeological materials and documents unearthed, we found that the merchants set up settlements along the routes and trade destinations from Central Asia to the mainland of China and made trade activities for the strongholds of the Chinese mainland. In the Tang Dynasty, the management of the settlement was further strengthened. The trade activities of the merchants in China must be carried out by the government.
Through the unearthed material, the Turpan documents and the documents, we found that the goods operated by Hu merchants on the Silk Road were mainly luxury goods, with the characteristics of small size, easy to carry, high price and high profit rate. In addition to silk trade, Hu merchants carried out the trade of slaves, camels and horses, and the silk road China. Some of the exotic objects found in the territory, as well as the commercial activities of the Persian silver and Byzantine coins and the Hu merchants, are inseparable. Hu merchants also disseminate language, art, art and religion while engaging in large-scale trade. With the introduction of foreign material culture, the foreign spiritual culture is also introduced, such as religion, manicaanism, and scenery. In the Tang Dynasty, the "three Yi religions" were flourishing in the Tang Dynasty. The monks entered the Central Plains, accompanied by commercial activities, or under the influence of commercial activities, and carried out religious activities. In addition, the merchants also introduced the Central Plains culture to Central Asia at the same time. The exchange of material and spiritual culture between East and West is largely the same. Through the media of business activities, this paper expounds the religious reservation and cultural transmission of the merchants in China to show that their business activities play an important role in promoting economic and cultural exchanges between the East and the West.

【学位授予单位】：四川大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2007
【分类号】：K235

【引证文献】