论黄宗羲的“新民本”思想

发布时间：2018-05-04 06:35

本文选题：“新民本”思想 + 政治哲学　；参考：《西北师范大学》2007年硕士论文

【摘要】： 黄宗羲是明清之际最重要的思想家之一,他的“新民本”思想是对传统民本思想的革新。民本思想认为,民众是国家的根本,民众供养着统治者并对国家的兴亡起着决定性的作用;统治者的政治活动必须为民众着想,才能赢得民众的支持,从而维持自己的统治。早在春秋时期,民本思想已为社会广泛地接受了,民本思想的理论探讨也随着时代的变迁而不断发展变化。民本思想是个完整的理论体系,表现在政治上是重民意,在经济上是重民生,在思想上是重教化。儒家的民本思想在封建专制的历史条件下,对于制约、规范君主对民的政治行为和维护劳动人民的基本权利起了重要作用。黄宗羲在“天崩地解”的明末清初之际论述了自己的“新民本”思想。这是在内外政治、经济及至文化的剧烈冲突中,对传统民本思想的突破。在他的代表作《明夷待访录》中,黄宗羲提出“公天下”的政治理想,指出“天下为主,君为客”的主客关系;同时为限制君主的专制权力,强调了学校的重要地位和作用,认为学校还应具有教育、监督官吏、参政议政等功能;在法治上反对“一家之法”,提出了“有治法而后有治人”的观念。但是,黄宗羲仍然只注重君主应该怎么样的道德规范,对于客观制度的落实还是有所欠缺。黄宗羲的“新民本”思想还不是民主思想,这在和洛克的比较中看得很明显。洛克对于对政府之哲学基础做了广泛的思考,他所整理的学说和原则,应当被认为是此后控制政府各项权力的基本原则。黄宗羲新民本思想超出传统民本思想的主要贡献也在于“限君”,但在对比中却显得很薄弱。究其原因在于,中国的君主实际上是政治主权的拥有者。黄宗羲仍然囿于君主政体的框架,而没能突破这个范式。但是也不可否认,黄宗羲对于君主专制的批判是深刻的,多方面地深化和拓展了传统的民本思想。他的“新民本”思想在清末至近代的民主革命运动中曾经起了极其重要的作用。我们现在建设有中国特色社会主义民主政治,还必须根植于我国深厚的政治文化优良传统之中。
[Abstract]:Huang Zongxi was one of the most important thinkers in Ming and Qing dynasties. The thought of the people is that the people are the foundation of the country, that the people support the rulers and play a decisive role in the rise and fall of the country, and that the political activities of the rulers must be considered for the people in order to win the support of the people and thus maintain their own rule. As early as the Spring and Autumn period, the people-oriented thought has been widely accepted by the society, and the theoretical discussion of the people-oriented thought has been developing and changing with the change of the times. The thought of the people is a complete theoretical system, which emphasizes public opinion in politics, people's livelihood in economy and education in thought. Under the historical condition of feudal autocracy, Confucian people-oriented thought played an important role in restricting, standardizing the monarch's political behavior towards the people and safeguarding the basic rights of the working people. At the end of Ming and the beginning of Qing Dynasty, Huang Zongxi discussed his thought of "New people". This is the breakthrough of the traditional people-oriented thought in the violent conflict of internal and external politics, economy and culture. In his masterpiece, "A visit to Ming Yi", Huang Zongxi puts forward the political ideal of "public world", and points out the subject-object relationship of "the world is the main thing, the monarch is the guest", and in order to limit the monarch's autocratic power, he emphasizes the important position and function of the school. The author holds that schools should also have the functions of education, supervision of officials and participation in political affairs, and opposes the "one family law" on the rule of law, and puts forward the idea of "governing the law and then governing the people". However, Huang Zongxi still only pays attention to the moral standard of monarch, and still lacks the implementation of objective system. Huang Zongxi's New people's thought is not a democratic thought, which is obvious in comparison with Locke. Locke thought extensively about the philosophical foundation of government, and his theory and principle should be regarded as the basic principle of controlling the power of government. The main contribution of Huang Zongxi's new people-based thought beyond the traditional people-based thought is limited monarch, but it is very weak in contrast. The reason is that China's monarch is actually the owner of political sovereignty. Huang Zongxi is still confined to the framework of monarchy, and failed to break this paradigm. But there is no denying that Huang Zongxi's critique of autocratic monarchy is profound, deepening and expanding the traditional people-oriented thought in many ways. His thought of "New people" played an extremely important role in the democratic revolutionary movement from late Qing Dynasty to modern times. The construction of socialist democratic politics with Chinese characteristics must be rooted in the fine tradition of our country's profound political culture.
【学位授予单位】：西北师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2007
【分类号】：K248;D092

【引证文献】