明代儒学变迁视角下的张居正

发布时间：2018-05-11 16:47

本文选题：儒学变迁 + 王学　；参考：《东北师范大学》2009年硕士论文

【摘要】： 嘉、隆、万三朝是王学最为兴盛的时期,作为一名生于该时期的士大夫,张居正也受到王学潜移默化的影响。缘于早年受到佛教的影响,王门各派中,张居正与聂豹的归寂派貌若契合。不过,张居正所讲的“心”,不同于王学所讲的伦理意义上的“良知”。张居正从王学吸取更多的是一种不避毁怨、勇于自任的入世为官的态度。而且,张居正对王学有自己独特的见解,他融入了“务实”和“修养”的概念,与聂豹所讲的归寂在思想走向上有根本不同,因此没有落入归寂派绝物弃智的虚空境地。嘉靖三十三年,张居正告假回乡,嘉靖三十九年复职。这六年在家的生活,使得张居正更加重视务实和修养的思想,开始对学术界空疏的弊端展开批判。然而,随着张居正进入政治权力中心,成为政治统治者,他对学术态度更多是从政治统治的角度出发。王守仁从祀一事最早表明了这一点。王学在王守仁身后有三种流变,第一种是随心所欲的自然主义的萌动和泛滥,导致学术从学理上冲决儒学的基本规范,消解对于规范的认真恪守;二是师道精神的复兴,这极易使得士人对官方意识形态进行挑战与批判;三是狂侠行为的活跃,使得对官方的挑战与批评思想转化为各种现实的行动。王门后学的学术精神与张居正“尊主权、一号令”的改革理念有着根本冲突。因而,张居正引入易于控制士人思想的意识形态化的官方程朱理学,展开了对王学影响下的学术界的改造。张居正改革手段由渐进转为激进,其中“夺情”是重要转折点。何心隐之死则是张居正禁学措施中的一个极端事例。
[Abstract]:As a scholar born in that period, Zhang Juzheng was influenced by Wang School. Because of the influence of Buddhism in the early years, Zhang Juzheng and Nietao's style of returning to silence were in accord with each other. However, Zhang Juzheng's "heart" is different from the ethical "conscience" of Wang Xue. Zhang Juzheng draws more from Wang's learning is a kind of attitude that does not avoid ruining and rancor, dares to become an official after joining the WTO. Moreover, Zhang Juzheng has his own unique opinion on Wang Xuehe, he melts into the concepts of "pragmatism" and "accomplishment", which is fundamentally different from the thought trend of Nie Bao, so he did not fall into the void of "returning to silence" and abandoning wisdom. Jiajing 33 years, Zhang Juzheng false return home, Jiajing 39 years reinstatement. These six years of life at home make Zhang Juzheng pay more attention to pragmatism and self-cultivation, and begin to criticize the empty and thinning of academic circles. However, as Zhang Juzheng entered the center of political power and became a political ruler, his academic attitude was more from the perspective of political domination. Wang Shouren from the worship of the first show of this point. Behind Wang Shouren, Wang Xue has three kinds of changes. The first is the sprouting and flooding of naturalism as he wishes, which leads to the academic determination of the basic norms of Confucianism and dispels the serious adherence to the norms. The second is the revival of the spirit of teachers and Taoism. It is easy for scholars to challenge and criticize the official ideology, and the third is the activity of mania, which turns the challenge and criticism of the official into various practical actions. There is a fundamental conflict between the academic spirit of Wang Men and Zhang Juzheng's reform idea of respecting sovereignty and the first order. Therefore, Zhang Juzheng introduced the official Neo-Confucianism, which is easy to control the ideology of the scholars, and carried out the reform of the academic circles under the influence of Wang Xue. Zhang Juzheng reform means from gradual to radical, among them, "seize sentiment" is an important turning point. He Xinyin's death is an extreme example of Zhang Juzheng's ban on learning.
【学位授予单位】：东北师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2009
【分类号】：K248

【引证文献】