浅析宋代监察制度

发布时间：2018-05-13 16:53

本文选题：宋代 + 监察　；参考：《西南政法大学》2007年硕士论文

【摘要】： 文章从监察制度的起源开始探讨，以监察机关出现为考查点，从而确立了监察制度的几个发展阶段。首先是萌芽和确立阶段，即秦汉战国时期，在这一阶段最重要的标志是东汉时期专职中央监察机关的出现。其次是三国两晋南北朝时期的缓慢发展。曹魏政权时期，中央监察制度发展有所突破，而其他各朝代仅仅是个别细节的发展，值得注意的是在这一阶段，开始重视对监察官的监察。第三阶段，隋唐五代监察制度的长足发展。在这一阶段，御史台三院制度已经基本形成，言谏机构的职能明显独立。从体制上看，地方监察制度也有所突破。第四阶段是宋辽金元时期的融合发展阶段。辽金元他们多是吸收汉人的制度来改造本民族制度，他们的监察制度多具有民族特色，而宋代相对前代而言，监察制度的变化较大。唐代的御史台三院制，在宋代已经名存实亡，言谏官的职能有所扩大，因御史台和言谏官职能接近，出现了台谏合流的趋势。在地方监察制度方面宋代建立了路和府、州、郡两级监察体制，而且制度相当严密。第五个阶段是明清时期，在这一时期，中央监察制度完全合一，地方监察制度走向多元化。本文对宋代监察制度主要从中央和地方两个层面去探讨，对于中央监察制度主要分析了御史台和言谏机构。介绍了这两个机构的演变过程。言谏机构最终成为一个独立机构，职能扩大，御史台也有了规谏皇帝议论朝政的职能，从而开了台谏合流的先声。构建台谏机构朝廷煞费苦心，，御史人选要有一定的任职资格和任职经历，注重考查御史人选的文化素养和思想品德、性格。同时制定了回避法，御史人选要和宰执谏官避亲嫌。文章还探讨了言谏官的相关制度，作为言谏官也有一套选任制度和回避法。言谏官和御史的选任方式，都有皇帝亲擢、臣僚荐举的方式。文章对宋代地方监察制度的介绍较为详尽，宋代地方监察机构分为两级，路和州、郡、府。宋代设立了监司作为路级地方监察官，宋代设立通判作为州、郡、府一级监察官。监司和通判既有行政职能又有监察职能。监司和通判的选任，宋代统治者也颇为重视，历宋一代都有皇帝亲擢监司这一种选任方式。监司任职不仅要求一定的任职经历，还要求有较高的政治素质，注重考查监司的文化修养和健康状况。文章还详细介绍了监司的回避制度，监司要与所辖区的知州、通判、知县、县令避亲嫌，和同路监司之间避亲嫌，还有同路监司官与帅司之间避亲嫌，而且，还强调监司本人不能在籍贯地任职。对于通判，宋代统治者也制定了一套和监司相似的选任回避制度。文章还介绍了宋代地方监察机构的职能，宋代监司要按察地方官吏，察举不尽职不尽责昏晕无能者，值得注意的是，监司还有察举残害百姓者的职能。对于宋代通判的职能，文章没有作过多的叙述，因为通判的职能和监司的职能接近，只是级别有差异而已。文章通过对宋代中央监察制度和地方监察制度的分析，总结出宋代监察制度的特点。首先开启了台谏合流的先声，为明清两代台谏合流奠定了基础。其次是形成了多层次监察网络。为防范内忧外患，维护宋朝皇帝的天下，宋代统治者经过长期的总结，编织了一个前所未有的监察网络，其监察系统上下相维内外相制，密如网络。第三确立了对监察馆的监督机制。宋统治者十分注重对监察官的进行考核，并授予被检查对象对监察官实行监察的权利。最后宋代监察制度有着得力的配套措施。宋代不仅构造了一个严密的监察网络，同时还注重配套措施的促进作用。如监察官有自主言事权，宋代有“不杀士大夫及言事人”的传统家法等等，都为监察官上书言事营造了一个宽松的环境。文章没有停留在监察制度本身所发挥的积极作用和消极作用上，文章认为一项制度能否发挥作用，不仅取决于制度本身，往往和制度实施所处的环境有很大关系，和制度的具体实施者的素质有很大关系。因此，文章把视点放在宋代儒学觉醒这一大背景下考查宋代监察制度。宋代统治者为了解决“外重内忧”问题，加强中央集权，客观上促成了宋代儒学的复兴，大批的儒生通过科举走上政治舞台，形成庞大的士大夫群体，他们又推动了儒学发展。如王安石的新学运动。由于他们努力，在全社会形成了以儒家经义为主导的舆论氛围和舆论力量。宋代士大夫以天下为己任的高度责任感和使命感促使他们不计个人得失、升沉祸福，冒死规谏，在一定程度上推动了台谏制度的发展，正是宋代前期以范仲淹为代表的士大夫推动了台谏的发展，开创了台谏与宰执抗衡的时代。台谏与宰执抗衡，对于台谏制度本身来说是具有划时代意义，因此，可以说是宋代儒学的觉醒直接促成了台谏制度的积极作用。随着士大夫政治运动的发展，儒学的劣根性逐渐凸显，即党同伐异的排斥性。士大夫利用台谏机构打击政见相左者，从而使台谏机构沦为朋党斗争的工具，最终导致了台谏制度走向没路。通过分析宋代台谏的运作过程，文章得出启示：仅有完备的法制、宽松的政治环境是不够的，人的因素也很重要。这种能为国家为民族献身推动历史发展的人才，只有通过建设发展先进文化得来。
[Abstract]:The article starts from the origin of the supervisory system and takes the inspection of the supervisory organ as an examination, thus establishing several stages of development of the supervisory system. First, it is the stage of germination and establishment, that is, the period of the Qin and Han Dynasty and the Warring States period. In this stage, the most important sign was the emergence of the full-time central supervisory authority in the Eastern Han Dynasty. In the period of the political power of the Wei Dynasty, the development of the central supervisory system has been breakthrough, and the other dynasties are only the development of individual details. It is worth noting that at this stage, the supervision of the inspectors is emphasized. In the third stage, the supervision system of the Sui and Tang Dynasty and the Five Dynasties has been greatly developed. In this stage, the system of the three courtyards of the imperial court has been basically formed. The function of the admonition institution is obviously independent. From the system point of view, the system of local supervision has also been breakthrough. The fourth stage is the stage of fusion and development of the period of the Jin and Yuan Dynasty in the Song Liao Dynasty. In the Tang Dynasty, the system of the three courtyards of the emperor's imperial court had died out in the Song Dynasty, and the function of the admonition officer was expanded. Because of the proximity of the imperial court and the admonition of the official position, the trend of the confluence of the admonition was found. In the Song Dynasty, the two level supervision system of Lu He, state and county was established in the Song Dynasty. The fifth stage was the Ming and Qing Dynasties, in the period of the Ming and Qing Dynasties. During this period, the central supervisory system was unified and the local supervisory system was diversified.
In this paper, the supervisory system of the Song Dynasty is mainly discussed from two aspects of the central and local levels. The central supervisory system mainly analyzes the imperial examination platform and the admonition institution. The evolution process of the two institutions is introduced. The institution of the admonition is eventually become an independent institution, the function is expanded, and the Imperial Palace also has the functions of the emperor's admonition of the emperor's discussion of the government. The establishment of an admonishing institution is very hard, and the imperial court is painstaking. The candidates for the imperial court must have certain qualifications and experience, pay attention to the cultural quality and moral character and character of the candidates of the imperial history. At the same time, they have formulated the avoidance law, the candidates for the imperial history and the admonition officer to avoid the suspicion. The article also discusses the relevant system of the admonition officer, as the admonition officer. There are also a selection system and an evasion law. There are ways to elect officials and officials.
The article introduced a more detailed introduction to the local supervisory system in the Song Dynasty. The local supervisory institutions in the Song Dynasty were divided into two levels, the road and state, the county, the government. The Song Dynasty set up the supervisor as the road level local inspector. The Song Dynasty set up a general sentence as the state, county and government level inspector. The supervisor and the general sentence have both the administrative and supervisory functions. The selection of the supervisor and the general sentence and the Song dynasty rule The emperor also paid great attention to the selection and appointment of the emperor in the Song Dynasty. The supervisor not only asked for a certain career experience, but also demanded a higher political quality, and paid attention to the examination of the culture and health of the supervisor. The article also introduced the avoidance system of the supervisor, the supervisor and the prefecture, the general sentence, and the county. The county magistrate avoided dislike, and avoided relatives between the same way and the supervisor, and the same way between the governor and the Shuai. Also, he stressed that the supervisor could not serve in his native place. For the general sentence, the ruler of the Song Dynasty also made a set of elective avoidance system similar to the supervisor.
The article also introduces the functions of the local supervisory institutions in the Song Dynasty. The supervisors of the Song Dynasty should observe the local officials and examine the incompetent and incompetent people who do not fulfill their duties without duty. It is worth noting that the supervisors and the functions of the people who have damaged the people are also considered. The functions of the Song Dynasty's general sentence have not been described too much, because the functions of the general sentence and the functions of the supervisor are close, only the functions of the general judgment and the supervisor are close, only There is a difference in the level.
Through the analysis of the central supervisory system and the local supervision system in the Song Dynasty, the article summed up the characteristics of the supervision system in the Song Dynasty. First, it opened the premonition of the admonishing confluence and laid the foundation for the two generation of admonishing confluence in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. Secondly, it formed a multi-level supervision network. For a long time, an unprecedented monitoring network was woven, and the supervision system was made up and down with the network. Third the supervision mechanism of the supervisory hall was established. The song rulers paid great attention to the inspection of the inspectors and granted the inspectors the right to supervise the inspectors. Finally, the supervisory system in the Song Dynasty was achieved. The Song Dynasty not only constructed a strict monitoring network, but also paid attention to the promotion of the supporting measures. For example, the supervisory official has the independent power of speech, and the Song Dynasty has a traditional family law, such as "do not kill the scholar officials and the speakers", and so on, which have created a relaxed environment for the inspectors to write the books.
The article does not stay on the positive and negative effects of the supervisory system itself. The article believes that the function of a system depends not only on the system itself, but also on the environment in which the system is implemented. It has a great relationship with the quality of the concrete implementers of the system. Therefore, the article puts the view on the Confucianism of the Song Dynasty. In order to solve the supervision system of the Song Dynasty under the background of awakening, the rulers of the Song Dynasty, in order to solve the problem of "external weight internal worry", strengthened the centralization of the central government, and objectively contributed to the revival of Confucianism in the Song Dynasty. A large number of Confucian students went to the political stage through the imperial examination and formed a large group of scholar bureaucrats, and they also promoted the development of Confucianism. For example, Wang Anshi's new school movement. In the whole society, they formed a sense of public opinion and public opinion dominated by Confucianism in the whole society. The high sense of responsibility and the sense of mission of the scholar bureaucrats in the Song Dynasty promoted them to not count their personal gains and losses, to rise and sink, to death and to admonish, to a certain extent, to promote the development of the system of admonition, which was the generation of Fan Zhongyan in the earlier period of the Song Dynasty. The scholar bureaucrats promoted the development of the admonition and created an era of counterbalance between the admonition and the admonition. It was of epoch-making significance for the admonishing system itself. Therefore, it can be said that the awakening of Confucianism in the Song Dynasty directly contributed to the positive role of the system of admonition. With the development of the political movement of the scholar bureaucrats, the inferiority of Confucianism is the inferiority of the people. Gradually, it is the repellency of the same party. The scholar bureaucrats use the remontrition institution to fight the dissidents, thus making the admonishing institution become a tool for the struggle of the party, and eventually leads to the no way to the system of admonition.
Through the analysis of the operation process of the Song Dynasty admonition, the article draws the enlightenment that only a complete legal system, loose political environment is not enough, the human factor is also very important. This kind of talent for the nation to contribute to the development of the history of the nation, only through the development of the development of advanced culture.

【学位授予单位】：西南政法大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2007
【分类号】：K244

【引证文献】