明代土鲁番研究

发布时间：2018-05-14 13:58

本文选题：明朝 + 土鲁番　；参考：《中央民族大学》2009年博士论文

【摘要】： 吐鲁番对于中原王朝而言,自古以来就是一个政治、军事要地。该地在各个历史时期有着不同的称呼或写法。在明代,吐鲁番写作“土鲁番”。此时的“土鲁番”处于中亚伊斯兰化、突厥化的最后阶段,不论是时间上还是空间上,都扮演了伊斯兰化最终完成的角色。这个角色的终结,以16世纪中期明朝对土鲁番占领哈密的默认为标志。土鲁番作为绿洲文明,其统治者世系与中原王朝有着很大不同,父死子继、兄终弟及、外来推翻、内部颠覆等等,情况千差万别,在中原人眼中难免王统不兴,世代紊乱。虽然对于土鲁番王系的记载不甚了了,但土鲁番前往明朝的贡使始终络绎不绝于道。明朝开国早期,中原政权与西域使者往来频繁,不仅表现在大量明人出使土鲁番,也体现在更多的土鲁番人前往明朝入贡。大批土鲁番人入居明朝以及明朝对土鲁番统治者、贡使以及入居明朝的土鲁番人的职官封授,则体现了土鲁番与明朝之间的政治联系十分紧密。土鲁番并非明朝在西域的卫所,实际上,明朝在西域地区只有以哈密为主的七处卫所。然而,土鲁番对哈密的攻掠导致哈密卫屡立屡废。15世纪中期土鲁番攻占哈密之后的“明哈关系”实质上已变为明代与土鲁番的关系。期间的三代土鲁番速檀,均以攻取哈密为主要任务,反复夺取哈密,给明朝造成了重大边患。土鲁番彻底占领哈密,不仅使明朝丧失了在西域的统治权威和施加影响力的支点,也使得明朝内部在嘉靖初年围绕哈密卫的丧失,爆发了异常激烈的政治斗争。这场政治斗争又由于同当时嘉靖皇帝与部分朝中大臣的礼仪之争纠葛在一起,因而对于嘉靖初年及其此后的明朝政治造成了深远影响。土鲁番的崛起与占领哈密,同时也改变了西域的政局。15、16世纪,土鲁番确立了对天山东麓的统治,向北抵御了瓦剌游牧部落对绿洲文明的侵扰,向南推动了对塔里木盆地的渗透,向西则进入了费尔干纳,一度在形式上统一了整个天山以南、昆仑山以北的地区,并在所有统治和统治过的地区严格地推行了伊斯兰教法。 16世纪中期之后,土鲁番衰落,逐步失去了对塔里木盆地甚至是阿克苏的统治,其内部也纷争不断,汗位继承者与驻守哈密地区的宗室也冲突频仍。土鲁番不仅丧失了作为整个西域汗室的统治地位,而且逐渐沦为塔里木盆地西部叶儿羌汗国的属地。17世纪中期之后,蒙古准噶尔部崛起,包括土鲁番在内的整个西域,再次成为黄金家族直系后裔的统治地区。
[Abstract]:Turpan for the Central Plains dynasty, since ancient times is a political, military significance. This place has different forms of address or writing in different historical periods. In the Ming Dynasty, Turpan wrote Tulufan. At this time, Turpan was in the final stage of Islamization and Turkization in Central Asia, both in time and space, which played the role of the final completion of Islamization. The end of this role was marked by the acquiescence of the Ming Dynasty to the occupation of Hami in the mid-16th century. As an oasis civilization, Tulufan's rulers have very different lineages from the Central Plains Dynasty. The father died and the son succeeded, the elder brother and his brother overthrew, the internal subversion and so on. The situation is very different. In the eyes of the Central Plains, it is inevitable that the monarchy will not rise, and the generation will be in disorder. Although the records of the Tulufan system are not very clear, the Tulufan emissaries to the Ming Dynasty are always in a stream of Tao. In the early days of the Ming Dynasty, the Central Plains regime had frequent exchanges with the Western emissaries, which was not only reflected in the large number of Ming people who sent to Tulufan, but also reflected in the fact that more Tulufan people went to the Ming Dynasty to pay tribute. A large number of Tulufan people came into the Ming Dynasty and the rulers of Tulufan, Gong envoys and the Tulufan who lived in the Ming Dynasty were appointed, which reflected the close political connection between Turufan and Ming Dynasty. Turufan is not the Ming Dynasty in the Western region, in fact, the Ming Dynasty in the Western region only Hami seven Wei. However, the invasion of Hami by Turufan led to the repeated destruction of Hami. The relationship between Ming and Kazakh after the attack of Hami by Turufan in the middle of the 15th century has become the relation between Ming Dynasty and Turufan in essence. During the three generations of turufandranath, the main task to attack Hami, repeatedly seized Hami, to the Ming Dynasty caused a serious edge. The complete occupation of Hami by Tulufan not only made the Ming Dynasty lose its ruling authority and the fulcrum of exerting influence in the Western region, but also caused the internal political struggle of Ming Dynasty to break out around the loss of Hami Wei in the early years of Jiajing. This political struggle had a profound influence on the politics of the early Jiajing period and the Ming Dynasty since then, because of the dispute between the emperor Jiajing and some Chinese ministers at that time. The rise and occupation of Tulufan also changed the political situation in the Western region in the 16th century. Tulufan established his rule over the eastern foot of the Tianshan Mountains, resisted the invasion of Oasis civilization by the nomadic tribes of Wala to the north, and pushed the infiltration of the Tarim Basin to the south. Westward into Fergana, where the entire area south of Tianshan Mountain, north of Kunlun Mountains, was formally unified, and Shariah was strictly enforced in all ruled and ruled areas. After the mid-16th century, Turufan declined, gradually lost its rule over the Tarim Basin and even Aksu, its internal disputes continued, the Khan successor and the clergy stationed in Hami also frequent conflicts. Tulufan not only lost its dominant position as a Khan room in the whole Western region, but also gradually became a dependency of the Yerqiang khanate in the western Tarim Basin. After the mid-17th century, the Junggar region of Mongolia rose, including the whole Western region of Turufan. Once again became the gold family lineal descendants of the ruling region.
【学位授予单位】：中央民族大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2009
【分类号】：K248

【参考文献】