近三十年来的美国清史研究：以新清史为线索

发布时间：2018-05-17 20:14

本文选题：中国学 + 汉学　；参考：《华东师范大学》2010年博士论文

【摘要】： 1990年代以来,美国中国学界出现了被他们称为“新清史”的研究思潮,其主要目标在于重估清帝国长城内外,包括民族的、文化的、政治的以及社会的等广泛领域内的历史,至少具有三个鲜明的核心特征：一,质疑清廷及满族的“汉化说”,强调清朝的满洲特质,重视民族关系的研究,认为正是清廷的少数族背景,使得它能够超越传统的夷夏观,实现了前所未有的长城内外的一体融合,从而为现代中国留下了最大的政治遗产——多民族聚居的广袤领土；二,进而质疑清的“汉本位”王朝说,反对清对外关系中的“朝贡体制”观点,强调清廷处理周边关系的多样性的同时,认为清帝国也与当时世界上的其他帝国进行着毫不落后的竞争；三,在对内反“汉化”和对外反“汉本位”的立场下,对少数族和边陲地带的关注使得原来处于历史研究视野边缘的群体成为重要的研究对象,如妇女、胥吏等。 “新清史”最重要的物质基础和学术基础,即中国大陆的各种历史档案等原始材料与实地考察访问机会对美国学者的开放和强调中国内部因素的反西方中心论的“中国中心观”的兴起,最晚都可追溯到1980年代初。1980年代以来的清史研究,在不断扬弃旧研究方法和观点中,发掘着新的研究对象和资料及中国“内生”的历史动力,是“新清史”当然的准备阶段。同时由于柯文、黄宗智等学者已经对1980年代以前的美国清史研究状况作了杰出的总结。因此,文章对美国清史研究的论述从1980年代开始,并以其与“新清史”的联系为线索。美国新清史的研究,由于具有在“纵横”上将中国分为不同层面和区域,“内外”上将清朝放入世界背景中,“上下”上关注边陲地带和族群关系等特点,从而具有了既向综合也向细化无限扩张的趋势。因此,必须对论述对象有所取舍,这样文章将主要集中于专著和文集,只有前两者不能满足论述需要时才补充以必要的期刊论文。文章将1980年以来的每一次“新”突破或“新”推进作为一个专题,同时也是论文的一章展开。为论述清晰计,章内又基本以重要论著出版时间为序进行述评。如此,大体上分为：民众史、经济史、精英史、法律史、城市史、民族史、外交边疆史和妇女史等,共计八个专题(章)。其中后三章集中体现了新清史的三个核心特征,而属于相对传统的研究领域的前五章既是新清史的准备阶段,又在发展中与新清史交织在一起,成为新清史的一部分。第一章“民众之作为群体”,论述了清代民众群体事件史研究,包括华北农民的求生策略的生态根源分析、义和团运动的民间文化要素、清末新政时期的农村反抗、民众叛乱的宗教动力和东南沿海的海盗研究等,强调这一切都源于中国的内部动力机制,打破了原来的冲击-反应解释模式。这些都为新清史的兴起提供了学术氛围和一定的方法论准备。第二章“‘新经济史’中的清代”。在注重世界背景和制度分析的世界“新经济史”潮流中,学者们重估了西方入侵前的中国经济。黄宗智教授深具影响地挪用了“内卷化”概念将中国经济定性为“没有增长的发展”,而濮德培的湖南经济研究则证明清代国家不仅在经济上有所作为而且达臻传统国家的最大经济潜能。高家龙的企业史研究关注的是中国经济中的帝国主义因素,曾小萍的盐业研究考察的是中国传统要素,前者打破了原来在华帝国主义的同质性假定,后者则证明了传统因素在中国近代工业发展中的积极作用。王国斌和彭慕兰将中国经济置入世界视野下,证明中国经济甚至领先同时代的西方,驳斥了中国要为自己在近代被西方侵略负责的观点。曾小萍和王国斌等在清代财政和粮仓制度的考察中,揭示了清代国家在财政和食物储备上的成就。这里,新经济史所体现的中外比较的世界视野恰恰也正是后来新清史的基本视角。第三章“‘新’官方史——18世纪清代国家与精英研究”,考察了美国学者对西方入侵前的中国国家的研究。与前两章一样,在新材料的刺激下,学者们重新评估了中国国家的政治和精英阶层。由于18世纪的中国既是当时世界上仅有的“盛世”政治-经济体,也可能埋下了此后中国衰落的种子,因此这一时段的中国历史吸引了许多学者的目光。而同时,18世纪中国研究不仅是新清史的直接来源,也是新清史的重要特点之一。第四章“司法档案里的清代社会”,指出主要在黄宗智的倡导下,中国法律史研究从制度史的研究过渡到了法律与社会史相结合的研究。在大量存世的清代基层司法档案和中央存档中,学者们发现了一个活跃的“民法”社会,不仅打碎了关于中国传统法律只有刑法没有民法的论断,也借以复活了讼师、胥吏和妇女等原来历史研究中边缘人群的历史。虽然黄的研究不属于新清史范畴,但其追随者基于法律文件的社会史研究却已属于新清史关注边缘人群思潮的一部分了。第五章“新观点下的清代城市”。罗威廉的汉口研究,不仅揭示了中国传统城市的经济活力和民间团体的活跃,也引发了关于“公共领域”等西方理论在中国研究中的适用性问题大讨论。关于承德的研究,作为新清史的典型案例,论证了承德在清代帝国建构中的独特作用,提出了新清史中关于清代皇帝的多重身份和帝国多元性的典型观点。梅尔清的清初扬州研究,则展示了清代城市的文化史维度。在这一章的论述中,美国学者实现了对清代城市的政治、经济和文化的样本式还原。其中,罗威廉和梅尔清的研究分别体现了新清史的世界史视角和注重清前中期史的特点,而承德研究则直接就是新清史最具理论色彩的部分。从第六章开始,进入新清史应该毫无争议的部分。第六章“满洲及清代族群研究”,是新清史的第一个核心特征的集中体现。学者们强调正是满洲特质使清王朝在中华帝国序列中实现了前所未有的成就,彻底融合了长城内外,为现代中国国家留下了一个多民族的大一统政治遗产。第七章“外交与边疆史：清帝国主义?”在全球史视野下,美国学者将清帝国置于同时代的国际帝国竞争环境中,研究了清帝国在外交事务和中亚地区等方面与西方帝国主义进行的竞争,认为清帝国与当时咄咄逼人的英帝国、俄帝国等一样都是谋求殖民和扩张的帝国形态,从而为当代中国国家留下了一个广袤的领土遗产。汪荣祖先生和部分美国学者对这种比附进行了严厉批判。我们必须警惕其这里及前面的族群研究中可能的政治影响。第八章“能动的清代女性”。在新清史的去中心倾向和少数族裔女性对西方女性研究中的白人女性立场不满的双重影响下,西方中国学者在对中国女性的历史研究中率先实现了关于传统社会架构下妇女权力新认识的突破。尽管有局限于上层的弊端和过度诠释的嫌疑,她们的研究依然揭示了中国清代妇女在清初的多姿生活、中期的社会中心地位和晚期的顽强人生态度,实现了对清代妇女群像的刻画,颠覆了关于传统中国妇女备受压迫的悲剧形象。 “结语”部分,笔者主要对美国的新清史进行了简单的总结和批评反思,并在最后探讨了一下走出西方话语的可能,给出了一个谨慎乐观的结论。
[Abstract]:Since the 1990s , the Chinese academic circles in the United States have seen their research thoughts called " New Qing History " , the main aim of which is to re - evaluate the history of the whole Great Wall of the Empire , including ethnic , cultural , political and social fields , at least three distinct core features : 1 . Query the Manchu character of Qing Dynasty , attach importance to the study of ethnic relations , and think it is the minority background of the Qing Dynasty , which makes it possible to transcend the traditional Yi - Xia viewpoint and realize the integration of the unprecedented Great Wall and the outside and outside the Great Wall , thus leaving the largest political legacy for the modern China and the vast territory of the multi - ethnic group ;
Secondly , the Qing Dynasty said that the Qing Empire had no backward competition with the rest of the world at the same time , saying that the Qing Empire had no backward competition with the rest of the world at the same time .
Third , under the position of " Han Hua " and " Chinese character " , the focus on the minority and the border area made the group originally in the edge of historical research field become an important research object , such as women , Huxley and so on .

The most important material basis and academic foundation of " New Qing History " , that is , various historical archives of the mainland of China , and the emergence of the " China Central View " of the anti - western central theory of China ' s internal factors , can be traced back to the beginning of the 1980s .

The study of the new history of the United States has the characteristics of dividing China into different levels and regions on the aspect of " aspect " , putting the Qing Dynasty into the background of the world , " up and down " , focusing on the relationship between the frontier zone and the ethnic group , so as to have the trend towards the comprehensive and the refinement of the infinite expansion . Therefore , it is necessary to make a choice of the discussion object , so that the article will mainly focus on the monograph and the anthology , and only the first two can not meet the requirements of the discussion , so as to supplement the necessary journal articles .

This paper reviews every " new " breakthrough or " new " advancement since 1980 as a topic , and it is also a part of the paper . It is divided into eight topics : the history of the public , the economic history , the history of the elite , the history of the law , the history of the city , the national history , the history of diplomatic frontier and the history of women .

In the first chapter , " People " , the study on the history of the population events in the Qing Dynasty , including the analysis of the ecological origin of the survival strategy of the farmers in North China , the folk culture elements of the Yihetuan Movement , the rural revolt in the new political period , the religious impetus of the rebellion of the public and the study of the pirates in the southeast coast , emphasized that all of this originated from the internal power mechanism of China , which broke the original impact - response interpretation model . These have provided an academic atmosphere and a certain methodological preparation for the rise of the new Qing history .

In chapter 2 , " The Qing Dynasty in the New Economic History " . In the tide of the new economic history focusing on the world background and system analysis , the scholars revalued the Chinese economy before the Western invasion .

The third chapter , " The State and the Elite Research in the Qing Dynasty of the New ' s Official History of the 18th Century " , examined the American scholars ' research on the Chinese nation before the Western invasion . As with the previous two chapters , scholars reevaluated the political and elitist stratum of China ' s country . Since the 18th century China is the only " prosperous " politics - economy in the world , the Chinese history has attracted many scholars ' eyes . At the same time , China ' s research in the 18th century is not only the direct source of the new Qing Dynasty , but also one of the important characteristics of the new Qing history .

In chapter 4 , " The Qing Dynasty Society in the Judicial Archives " , it points out that the study of the history of Chinese legal history from the study of the history of the system to the study of the combination of law and social history .

Chapter 5 " The Qing Dynasty under the New View " . The study of the Hankou of Luo William not only reveals the economic vitality of traditional Chinese cities and the activity of civil society , but also raises some typical views about the applicability of western theories such as " public domain " in the study of China . In this chapter , American scholars have demonstrated the cultural history dimension of Qing Dynasty city .

Starting from the sixth chapter , entering the new history should be uncontroversial . Chapter 6 , " Manchu and Qing Dynasty Ethnic Studies " , is the first core feature of the new history . The scholars stressed that the Manchu character enabled the Qing Dynasty to achieve unprecedented achievements in the Chinese empire sequence , completely merged the inside and outside of the Great Wall , and left a multi - ethnic political legacy for the modern Chinese nation .

Chapter 7 " History of Foreign Affairs and Frontier : Qing imperialism ? " In the view of the global history , American scholars put the Qing Empire in the competition environment of the international empire in the same time , and studied the imperial form of the Qing Empire in the diplomatic affairs and the Central Asian region .

Chapter 8 " Active Qing Dynasty Female " . Under the double influence of the central tendency of the new Qing Dynasty and minority women ' s dissatisfaction with the position of white women in the study of the Western women , the western Chinese scholars took the lead in realizing the breakthrough of the new knowledge of women ' s rights in the traditional social structure in the history study of Chinese women .

In this part , the author makes a brief summary and criticism on the new history of the United States , and finally discusses the possibility of going out of the Western discourse , and gives a cautious and optimistic conclusion .
【学位授予单位】：华东师范大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2010
【分类号】：K249

【参考文献】