明代的清军制度

发布时间：2018-05-20 15:57

本文选题：明朝 + 逃军　；参考：《华东师范大学》2008年硕士论文

【摘要】： 军队是国家机器最重要的组成部分,也是君主专制统治赖以存在的武力基础。因此,历朝历代的统治者无不把加强对军队的建设、管理和控制作为其首要的政治任务之一。在中国封建王朝的发展中,我们可以发现这一规律,即建国之初军士缺乏,而随着时间的推移,冗兵现象就会出现,最典型的莫过于宋朝。但明代军士逃亡的问题一直贯穿于整个朝代,且在立国之初便已露端倪。宣德以后,军士逃亡则愈演愈烈。军士逃亡的原因是多方面的,其中既有明代制度本身的问题,也有勋贵、官员等对军士的役占。为了制止逃军的发展,明朝政府采取了种种措施,建立了相应的制度,清军制度就是其中较为重要的一项。所谓“清军”,即由清军御史及清军官定期清理军籍户口,检查落实跟补、勾补事项。清军,作为一种社会现象古已有之,汉代时便有士亡之法。不过,把清军作为封建国家的一项军政要务,制定繁芜的规章条例,自上而下设有专司的清军官,则是明朝才出现的。清军在明朝史料中的最早记录可以追溯至洪武时期。洪、永间有关清军的记事非常之少,洪武十六年以后到仁宗之世,除了一些局地性的记载外,不见以清理军伍或军籍为目的而大规模派遣专人的记录。宣宗以后,各种清勾的弊端逐渐表面化,宣德三年,派遣十四人赴各地清军,并制定十一条清勾条例,随后清军人员三年一派成为定制。因灾伤暂停清军御史的事例,成化、弘治以后逐渐增多。明政府派专人负责清军,即为清军御史。清军御史隶属于中央,在各府州县还有协助清军御史工作的人员,这些协助人员称为“清军官”。清军人员的从属关系是按照其本身的品级而定的。清军御史到各省也有一定的驻扎地点,大抵都在各省的首府。除了清军以外,清军御史还负责其他一些事务,如马政、军器等。清军御史派出以后,一时似乎收到了相当的效果,但随着明朝廷的逐渐腐朽,以及制度本身的问题,使得清军逐渐演变成“民害”,给明代的政治以及社会造成许多问题。万历年间,清军御史逐渐退出历史舞台,其工作转由巡按御史兼差。明代清军制度的发展,是与明代清军问题的不断加剧和清军制度本身日滋月生的弊端相辅相成的。清军制度及其条文,措施越完备,越详实,只能表明军伍空虚,管理混乱诸问题的严重性在不断地加剧,只能表明明代卫所军士世袭制不能适应社会发展的需要。清军制度给明代社会带来了种种问题,逐渐发展成为一项扰民的制度。
[Abstract]:The army is the most important part of the state apparatus and the basis of the existence of autocratic monarchy. Therefore, the rulers of all dynasties regard strengthening the construction, management and control of the army as one of their first political tasks. In the development of the feudal dynasty in China, we can find this law, that is, the lack of non-commissioned officers at the beginning of the founding of the people's Republic of China, but with the passage of time, the phenomenon of redundant soldiers will appear, the most typical of which is the Song Dynasty. However, the problem of non-commissioned officers fleeing throughout the Ming Dynasty, and at the beginning of the founding of the country has been revealed. After Xuande, non-commissioned officers fled more and more. There are many reasons for non-commissioned officers to flee, including the Ming Dynasty system itself, as well as military officers, officials and other non-commissioned officers. In order to stop the development of defection, the Ming government adopted various measures and established the corresponding system, among which the Qing military system was one of the more important. The so-called "Qing army", that is, by the Qing army imperial history and the Qing army officers regularly clean up military hukou, check the implementation and compensation, check the matter. Qing army, as a social phenomenon, the Han Dynasty, there was the law of the death of a scholar. However, the Qing army as a feudal country's military and political priorities, the formulation of numerous rules and regulations, from the top to the bottom of the Qing military officers, only appeared in the Ming Dynasty. The earliest records of Qing army in Ming Dynasty can be traced back to Hongwu period. Hong, Yong about the Qing army very few records, Hongwu 16 years later to the Ren Zong, except for some local records, there is no record of large-scale dispatch of personnel for the purpose of cleaning up the army or military records. After Xuan Zong, all kinds of drawback gradually surface, Xuande three years, sent 14 people to the Qing Army, and formulated 11 regulations, and then the Qing army personnel for three years become custom. Due to disasters and injuries to suspend the Qing military imperial history of the example, Cheng Hua, after the gradually increased. Ming government sent special personnel responsible for the Qing army, that is, the Qing army imperial history. The imperial history of the Qing army was subordinate to the central government, and there were also personnel who assisted the imperial history of the Qing army in the prefectures and counties, which were called "Qing officers." The subordinate relationship of Qing military personnel was determined by their own rank. Qing Dynasty imperial history to the provinces also have a certain location, mostly in the provincial capitals. In addition to the Qing army, the imperial history of the Qing army is also responsible for other affairs, such as Ma Zheng, military equipment, and so on. After the Qing army sent out the imperial history, it seemed to have received considerable effect for a while, but with the gradual decay of the Ming court and the problems of the system itself, the Qing army gradually evolved into a "civil harm", which caused many problems to the politics and society of the Ming Dynasty. Wanli years, Qing Dynasty imperial history gradually withdrew from the historical stage, its work changed from patrol imperial history poor. The development of the Qing military system in the Ming Dynasty is complementary to the increasing problems of the Qing Army in the Ming Dynasty and the drawbacks of the Qing military system itself. The more complete and detailed measures the Qing military system and its provisions are, the more empty the military ranks are, and the more serious the problems of management chaos are, the more serious the problems are. It can only indicate that the hereditary system of non-commissioned officers in the Ming Dynasty can not meet the needs of social development. The Qing military system brought various problems to the Ming society and gradually developed into a disturbing system.
【学位授予单位】：华东师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2008
【分类号】：K248

【参考文献】