从血缘到地缘：春秋战国制度大变革研究

发布时间：2018-05-20 18:32

本文选题：春秋 + 战国　；参考：《陕西师范大学》2013年博士论文

【摘要】：本文以从血缘到地缘的转变为主线,对春秋战国的行政区划制度、土地制度、军事制度和教育制度进行了研究。第一部分,绪论。首先,指出本选题的意义；其次,概述了过去学者的研究成果；再次,介绍了本文的研究目的和方法。最后,从宏观上论述了春秋战国社会大变革的原因,指出变革是多种因素综合引起的,并分析了制度变革的思想基础——与商周时代的神权相比,人在宇宙中的地位提高,认识到了人自身的价值。第二部分,主要研究了春秋战国行政区划制度的变革。首先分析了制度变革最主要的原因就是富国强兵。富国强兵首先要加强公室的力量,所以直属于国君的县和郡诞生,并最终形成郡县制的行政区划组织。土地制度与军事制度的变革都是在这一基础之上发生的。为了实现对脱离宗族组织的人民的管理,各国普遍建立了以乡里为主要基层组织的制度。第三部分,集中论述了春秋战国土地制度的变革。西周实行的是宗族土地所有制,这与西周的宗法分封制有密切的关系,实行集体劳动,财产为宗族集体占有,对国、野采取不同的管理方式。从西周晚期开始土地制度发生变化,出现土地交换、租借等现象,经过春秋时期的土地兼并,各国都进行了田制与赋税的改革,国野差别逐渐消失,形成了贵族土地所有制这样一种过渡形态,到了战国则变为国家所有制。第四部分,主要讨论了春秋战国军事制度的变革。西周没有常备军,与殷商一样都是临时征集,西六师和殷八师与地域有密切的关系,兵源是国人当兵野人不当兵,国人也仅限于正卒。春秋各国的改革使国野差别逐渐消失,战国实行普遍征兵制。基于兵源与地缘的关系,军赋与土地关系密切,西周春秋人民个体不直接与国家发生联系,而是通过宗族来承担,到了战国时期则是国家直接向人民征收军赋。车马甲春秋是自备,到了战国则由政府提供。春秋时期的战争是争霸战争,但在争霸中也存在着兼并,到了战国则变为兼并战争。第五部分,主要研究了春秋战国教育制度的变革。西周时期的教育是学在官府,以官为师。西周的学校分为小学和大学两个不同的阶段。小学的教师主要是保、史职官员,大学的教师主要是师职官员,师既是军事统帅,也是乐官,也是教师,当时的官员文武不分,所以史职类官员也从事大学教育。小学和大学的教育内容也不同。春秋时期,官学开始衰落,私家教育出现。秦统一全国之后,李斯向始皇帝建议“以吏为师”,恢复了西周春秋时期“官学”教育模式。
[Abstract]:This paper studies the system of administrative division, land system, military system and education system in the Spring and Autumn period and warring States period. The first part, introduction. First, it points out the significance of this topic; secondly, summarizes the research results of past scholars; thirdly, introduces the purpose and method of this paper. Finally, it discusses the causes of the great social change in the Spring and Autumn period and warring States period, points out that the change is caused by many factors, and analyzes the ideological basis of the system change-compared with the theocratic power of the Shang and Zhou dynasties, the status of man in the universe is improved. Realize the value of man himself. The second part mainly studies the reform of administrative division system in Spring and Autumn period and warring States period. First of all, it analyzes the main reason of the system reform is to enrich the country and strengthen the armed forces. The rich and powerful soldiers must strengthen the power of the public office first, so the county and county directly under the monarch were born, and finally formed the administrative division organization of the county and county system. The reform of land system and military system both occurred on this basis. In order to realize the management of the people who separated from the clan organizations, the system of taking the village as the main grass-roots organization was established in various countries. The third part focuses on the reform of land system in the Spring and Autumn period and warring States period. In the Western Zhou Dynasty, patriarchal clan land ownership was practiced, which was closely related to the patriarchal clan system of the Western Zhou Dynasty. Collective labor was carried out, and the property was occupied by the clans collectively, and different management methods were adopted to the country and the wild. From the late Western Zhou Dynasty, the land system began to change, land exchange, lease and other phenomena, after the Spring and Autumn period of land annexation, all countries carried out the reform of land system and taxation, the difference between the country and wild gradually disappeared. The formation of aristocratic land ownership such a transitional form, to the warring States into state ownership. The fourth part mainly discusses the reform of the military system in the Spring and Autumn period and warring States period. The Western Zhou Dynasty had no standing army, like Yin and Shang, it was a temporary recruitment. The sixth and eighth divisions of the West had close relations with the region. The source of the soldiers was that the Chinese soldiers were not soldiers, and the people were also limited to soldiers. The reform of the Spring and Autumn period gradually disappeared the differences between the state and the wild, and the warring States implemented the universal conscription system. Based on the relationship between the source of the army and the geography, the military assignment was closely related to the land. The individual people of the Western Zhou Dynasty did not have direct contact with the country, but they took the responsibility through the clan. In the warring States period, the state directly collected the military Fu from the people. Car vest Spring and Autumn is self-provided, to the warring States by the government to provide. The war in the Spring and Autumn period was a war for hegemony, but there was also annexation in the struggle for hegemony, but in the warring States period it became a war of annexation. The fifth part mainly studies the reform of education system in the Spring and Autumn period and warring States period. During the Western Zhou Dynasty, education was taught in the government, with the official as the teacher. The schools of the Western Zhou Dynasty were divided into two different stages: primary school and university. Primary school teachers are mainly officials of history and university. Teachers are military commanders, music officials and teachers. At that time, the officials in the history category were not separated from each other, so the officials in the history category were also engaged in university education. The content of primary school and university education is also different. During the Spring and Autumn period, official education began to decline and private education appeared. After Qin unified the whole country, Li Si suggested to the first emperor to "take the officials as the teacher", and restored the education mode of "official study" in the Spring and Autumn period of Western Zhou Dynasty.
【学位授予单位】：陕西师范大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：K225;K231

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