明代颁历民间及财政问题

发布时间：2018-05-25 15:30

本文选题：明代 + 颁历　；参考：《自然科学史研究》2013年01期

【摘要】：明代颁历普通官民及财政问题,体现出颁历制度与国家政策、赋役体系、社会民生及风俗文化的多面关系。宋元以来,朝廷垄断颁历权,施行历书(历日)专卖制度。明初,官府颁历征收工本钱,明太祖免除此费。印历用料从贡赋路径征敛,先为民间解纳历日纸张等实物,后改征折色银。明朝京官有专处领历,民间获得历日往往需要通过官府渠道。历日不得售卖,送历风俗相当盛行。官颁历日实际上已经成为一种紧俏物资,由特权阶层垄断支配,因此分发不均的现象相当严重。获赠历日较多者,常私下出售牟利,形成黑市。明代采用区域颁历体制供应全体臣民历日,而宣德十年(1435)朝廷大幅削减钦天监印历数额,造成直隶地区供应不足,这样导致地方官员大规模向中央输送历日,即"官历私运",极大扰乱了原有供应体制,产生了种种社会怪象。嘉靖七年(1528),明廷采取相应对策——"官历官运":取各省每年解京历日数额之半输送直隶。然而此举又逐渐演变成为中央对地方的敛财手段,到万历朝终被革除。明中后期的改革,未从根本上解决历日供应问题。最后,通过对明代颁历民间过程中生产、分配两个关键要素的分析,指出其资源配置效率不高的根源所在。
[Abstract]:The ordinary officials and people and the financial problems in the Ming Dynasty reflect the multi-sided relationship between the system and the national policy, the system of taxation, the society and the people's livelihood, and the custom and culture. Since the Song and Yuan dynasties, the court monopolized the right to issue calendar, the implementation of the calendar (calendar) monopoly system. In the early Ming Dynasty, the government issued a calendar collection of labor capital, Ming Taizu waived this fee. Printing calendar materials collected from the path of tribute, the first folk to accept the calendar paper and other physical objects, and then changed color silver. In the Ming Dynasty, Beijing officials had a special history, folk access to calendar days often need to be through the official channels. Calendar days are not allowed to be sold, the custom of sending calendars is quite popular. The official award calendar has actually become a tight material, monopolized by the privileged class, so the uneven distribution is quite serious. Those who are given more days are often sold privately for profit, forming a black market. In the Ming Dynasty, the regional calendar system was used to supply all the subjects of the calendar, while Xuande's ten years and ten years of 1435) the imperial court drastically reduced the amount of the imperial calendar, resulting in a shortage of supply in Zhili, which led to the large-scale transportation of local officials to the central government for calendar days. That is, the official history of private transport, greatly disturbed the original supply system, resulting in a variety of strange social phenomena. Jiajing seven years to 1528, the Ming government to take the corresponding countermeasures-"official transport": take each province of the Beijing calendar days of the number of the transportation of Zhili. However, this gradually evolved into the central means of enrichment of local, to the end of the Wanli Dynasty was removed. The reform in the middle and late Ming Dynasty did not fundamentally solve the problem of supply in the past days. Finally, through the analysis of the two key elements of production and distribution in the civil process of the Ming Dynasty, the author points out the root causes of the inefficient allocation of resources.
【作者单位】：华南师范大学公共管理学院;
【基金】：国家社会科学基金重大招标项目“中外科学文化交流历史文献整理与研究”(项目编号:10&ZD063) 上海市哲学社会科学基金项目“中国古代计量名家研究”(项目编号:2004BLS005) 2013年度教育部人文社科研究青年基金项目“中华帝国后期的时间管理——明清时代之颁历制度研究”(项目编号:13YJC770044)
【分类号】：K248;F812.9

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