冲突与融合——金代文化的变迁

发布时间：2018-05-31 13:26

本文选题：冲突 + 融合　；参考：《浙江大学》2008年博士论文

【摘要】： 我国是一个多民族不断融合而成的以汉族为主体的多元一体的国家。在这个生成的过程中,各民族文化之间不断碰撞和融合。有金一代,以汉文化为主体的中原文化与女真传统文化之间的冲突与融合,非常值得研究。金朝文化的变迁,以汉文化与女真(Jurchen)文化之间的关系的演进为核心的。因此,本文以汉文化与女真文化的关系变迁为“轴心”,从总体上考察整个金代的文化。一种文化之所以与外来文化发生冲突,在于其传统文化的特质与外来文明的特质存在矛盾。每种文化内在的特性,往往决定了它对外来文化的态度和时常影响着以后的文化进程。女真原初文化具有吸纳性、协同性、尚变性和尚武精神的特质。金朝前期发生了女真文化欲同化汉文化的女真化运动。不过女真文化的吸纳性特质,又促使女真人对汉文化广泛地摄取。入金的汉族士人,对女真文化也存在抵触和排斥的心理。后来由于金朝对待汉族士人政策的转变,和其他各种具体原因,大部分汉族士人成为金朝前期文化建设的中坚,为汉文化与女真文化的融合,作出了不可磨灭的贡献。一种文化对另一种文化的接受与吸纳,首先导致这种文化内部的冲突。这种文化内部的争论与斗争,又往往与政治、经济利益交织在一起。内部的冲突的结果,决定了外来文化的命运。女真贵族分裂成以熙宗(Emperor His-tsung)、宗干、海陵(Prince of Hai-ling)等人为代表的中央官僚集团,和以宗翰、挞懒等人为代表的地方军政集团两大阵营。他们的冲突不仅是政治、历史现象,而且也是一种文化现象。最后,中央官僚集团获得了胜利,决定了金朝文化由女真传统文化向汉文化转变。熙宗和海陵都倾慕汉文化,渴望实现全面的汉化。然而文化的进程不会是顺利的,直线的。由于传统文化与外来文化的冲突,文化进程常常出现波动,甚至是“逆流”。世宗(Emperor Shih-tsung)朝采取以保护女真文化与继续汉化相综合的方针。一方面奉行保护女真文化的政策,一方面却又大力推进汉文化的建设,二元文化政策并举。他的继任者章宗(Emperor Chang-tsung)也继承了这种文化政策。金代后期,女真文化与汉文化之间达到了空前的融合,国家的各种制度与中原王朝大致相当。女真人汉化修养与大部分汉族士大夫相似。女真统治者却依然带有民族歧视和偏见,不信任汉族人们(Han Chinese people),为了维护女真人的利益和保留女真文化,将黄河以北的猛安谋克(meng-an mou-ko)户尽数南迁,这不仅加速了金朝的灭亡,亦加剧了女真人们与汉族人们的矛盾,加深了女真文化与汉文化冲突。南渡(southern crossing)之后,士人们认为金朝由盛转衰原因,是章宗朝的奢靡浮华之风。于是他们将矛头对准了章宗朝盛行的浮艳尖新的文学风格。他们主张文学奇古,诗学风雅。金朝后期的政治生态,引发了文学风格的转变。由于创作主体的学养、人生经历不同,复古革新的具体途径和追求的美学风格不同,分成两大文学群体。一是以赵秉文(Chao Ping wen)、元好问(Yuan Hao wen)等人为代表的重学养,倡导敦厚的中和之美;一是以李纯甫(Li Chin-shu)、李天英等人为代表的重天赋、主师心,追求险怪奇崛之美。我们从金朝文化变迁的历史中得出两个结论。其一,民族的发展历程,这是由部落发展为政权民族,最后为文化民族,只有到了第三个阶段,我们才可以说,金朝文化、女真文化真正成为中华文化不可分割的部分。其二,两种文化的冲突与融合的过程,是两种文化相遇之初都想同化对方,但事实证明,同化最终都不会成功。因此,两种文化在同化失败之后,相互调适和融合,循环反复,螺旋上升。金朝的文化变迁是一个女真文化与汉文化相互融合的过程。最后形成了一种以汉文化为主体,其他文化多元共存的中华文化综合体。
[Abstract]:China is a multi-ethnic country which is constantly integrated with the Han nationality. In this process, the cultures of all nationalities continue to collide and merge. There is a conflict and integration between the golden generation and the Chinese culture and the traditional culture of the women. The evolution of the relationship between the Chinese culture and the Jurchen culture is the core. Therefore, this article takes the relationship between the Chinese culture and the women's culture as the "axis", and investigates the whole culture of the Jin Dynasty in general.
The conflict between a culture and the foreign culture lies in the contradiction between the characteristics of its traditional culture and the characteristics of the foreign civilization. The intrinsic characteristics of each culture often determine its attitude to the foreign culture and often influence the cultural process in the future. Idiosyncrasy
In the early period of the Jin Dynasty, the women's cultural desire to assimilate the Chinese culture was taken into account. However, the absorptive characteristics of the women's culture also prompted the women to absorb the Chinese culture widely. The Han people who entered the Jin Dynasty also had the psychology of conflict and exclusion to the culture of the women. As a result, most Han intellectuals became the backbone of cultural construction in the early Jin Dynasty, and made an indelible contribution to the integration of Han culture and nu Zhen culture.
The acceptance and absorption of one culture to another culture first led to the internal conflict in this culture. The internal disputes and struggles intertwined with the political and economic interests. The outcome of the internal conflict decided the fate of the foreign culture. The Cheng Yixi His-tsung, Zong, hailing (Prince) Of Hai-ling) the central bureaucracy group represented by others, and the two camps of the local military and political groups represented by Zong Han and tart laziness. Their conflict is not only a political, historical phenomenon but also a cultural phenomenon. Finally, the central bureaucratic group won the victory, which determines the transformation of the culture of the Jin Dynasty from the traditional culture of the women to the Chinese culture.
Xinzong and hailing all tilting the culture of Han Dynasty, eager to achieve a comprehensive Sinicization. However, the process of culture will not be smooth and straight. Because of the conflict between the traditional culture and the foreign culture, the cultural process often fluctuates and even "countercurrent".
On the one hand, the Emperor Shih-tsung adopted the policy of protecting the women's culture and continued the Sinization. On the one hand, it pursued the policy of protecting the women's culture. On the one hand, it vigorously promoted the construction of Chinese culture and the two yuan cultural policy. His successor, the Emperor Chang-tsung, also inherited the cultural policy.
In the Late Jin Dynasty, there was an unprecedented integration between the Chinese culture and the Chinese culture, and the various systems of the country were roughly equivalent to the Central Plains Dynasty. The women's Han culture was similar to that of the majority of the Han people. However, the rulers still had ethnic discrimination and prejudice, and they did not trust the Han people (Han Chinese people), in order to safeguard the interests of the women. It has not only accelerated the death of the Jin Dynasty, but also aggravated the contradiction between the women and the Han people and deepened the conflict between the women's culture and the Han culture. It kept the women's culture and moved the Meng-an mou-ko households in the north of the Yellow River to the south.
After Southern crossing, the people thought that the reason of the prosperity and decline of the Jin Dynasty was the luxurious and flamboyant wind of the Zhang Zi Dynasty. So they aimed at the new literary style of the flourishing of the Zhang Zi Dynasty. They advocated the literary style and the elegance of the poetics. The political life of the Late Jin Dynasty led to the transformation of literary style. The school education, the life experience different, the concrete way and the pursuit of the aesthetic style, divided into two major literary groups. One is Zhao Bingwen (Chao Ping Wen), Yuan Haowen (Yuan Hao Wen) and others as the representative of heavy education, advocating the beauty of neutralization; one is the heavy talent represented by Li Chunfu (Li Chin-shu), Li Tianying and other people. Teacher's heart, the pursuit of strange and strange beauty.
We have drawn two conclusions from the history of the cultural changes in the Jin Dynasty. First, the development of the nation, which is the development of the tribe as a political power, and the last for the cultural nation, only to third stages, we can say that the culture of the Jin Dynasty and the culture of the women really become an inseparable part of the Chinese culture. Secondly, the conflict and melting of the two cultures. The process of integration is to assimilate each other at the beginning of the two cultures, but the fact proves that the assimilation will not eventually succeed. Therefore, after the failure of the assimilation, the two cultures adapt and merge each other, cycle repeatedly and spiral up. The cultural change of the Jin Dynasty is a process of fusion between the Chinese culture and the Chinese culture. Finally, a Chinese culture is formed. As the main body, the Chinese culture complex with other cultures coexists.
【学位授予单位】：浙江大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2008
【分类号】：K246.4

【引证文献】