《国语》与先秦文化精神

发布时间：2018-06-15 01:50

本文选题：《国语》 + 文化精神　；参考：《南开大学》2010年博士论文

【摘要】：中华文明源远流长,有着浩如烟海的历史文化典籍,《国语》是其中优秀的一部。《国语》以“国”分目,记“语”为主,故书名《国语》。《国语》的价值体现在史学、文学和思想三个方面,本文即把《国语》看作是思想史著作,认为它是研究先秦文化精神的重要文本。因此,本文采用史论结合的方法,以文化精神范畴作为把握《国语》思想的核心线索,从五个方面具体阐述了《国语》在传承先秦文化精神方面的贡献。其一,《国语》与隆礼的文化精神。《国语》中包含了很多对“礼”的思考。其内容可以与“三礼”、《左传》相佐证,从《国语》的记载中,我们也可以看出先秦礼制从西周到春秋时期变化和发展的轨迹。《国语》中有维护礼制的思想,也记载了违背礼制的事实。《国语》总体上给予了礼以较高的地位。其二,《国语》与尚德的文化精神。《国语》表现出重视德性的思想。《国语》中的“德”与卜筮互参,德和神之间有密切的关联,但思想的焦点逐步向“德”倾斜,表现出人文主义的取向。《国语》中的“德”观念与个人的结合逐渐演变成个人品格的概念。并且,德成为与财富、军事等社会力量相平衡的一种力量。《国语》还阐述了政德的重要性,比如,《国语》认为,有德的国家会兴盛。其三,《国语》与民本文化精神。《国语》中的“德”思想逐渐表现出一种民本主义的思想倾向。《国语》强调以利益为协调统治者与民众的条件,要通过利民而得民,主张忧民恤民。关于为民之主的德性要求、公利的要求、以农为本、民心的疏导、军事活动的民本考量,等等,《国语》中都有所体现。其四,《国语》与重和谐的文化精神。《国语》中的五行和合思想有不同的层次：人的实践对象之间的关系层次上的“和”、人与对象之间的对象性关系本身层面的“和”、人与人之间的关系尤其是人与人之问的政治关系的和谐。《国语》特别重视政治和谐和使用人才的思想。《国语》当中也有关于自然界本身的和谐关系的思想,这种思想在阴阳理论中表现得很明显。其五,《国语》与尊天的文化精神。《国语》中的“天道”大致包括三个方面的内涵：天命或者上天之安排的意思；天道具有道德意义的法则和秩序的内涵；天道具有规律的含义。《国语》包含有较为复杂的天命人事观。在《国语》中,天命决定论是随处可见的,《国语》对国家兴衰、世间治乱以及人间祸福的理解往往把它们归于“天命”,但从《国语》所重视的民心所向和对人才作用的强调看,其中心思想是注重人事而非天命的。总之,梳理《国语》一书的思想内涵,先秦文化精神的基本风貌粲然可观。而纵观中华民族文化精神的发展历程,《国语》属于夏商和周初民族文化精神到诸子百家发展过程中的不可或缺的过渡环节。
[Abstract]:The Chinese civilization has a long history and has a vast historical and cultural record, among which "Mandarin" is an excellent one. "Mandarin" is divided into "state" and memorized "language", so the title of the book is "Mandarin". The value of "Mandarin" is embodied in history. In the literary and ideological aspects, this paper regards Guoyu as a historical work of thought, and considers it an important text to study the cultural spirit of the Pre-Qin Dynasty. Therefore, this article adopts the method of combining historical theory, takes the cultural spirit category as the core clue of the thought of "Guoyu", and concretely expounds the contribution of "Guoyu" in inheriting the cultural spirit of the Pre-Qin Dynasty from five aspects. First, the cultural spirit of mandarin and Longli. Mandarin contains a lot of thinking about ritual. Its contents can be corroborated by the "three rites" and the "Zuo Zhuan". From the records of Mandarin, we can also see the track of the change and development of the pre-Qin ritual system from the Western Zhou Dynasty to the Spring and Autumn period. It also records the fact that there is a breach of propriety. In general, Mandarin gives a higher status to propriety. Second, the cultural spirit of "Mandarin" and Shang Tak. "Mandarin" shows the thought of attaching importance to virtue. "Virtue" and divination in "Mandarin" refer to each other, and there is a close relationship between morality and God, but the focus of thought is gradually tilting towards "virtue". The combination of "morality" and "individual" in Mandarin gradually evolved into the concept of personal character. Moreover, morality becomes a force that balances social forces such as wealth, military, etc. "Mandarin" also expounds the importance of political ethics. For example, "Mandarin" thinks that a country with virtue will flourish. Third, "Mandarin" and the spirit of people-oriented culture. The thought of "virtue" in "Mandarin" gradually showed a tendency of thinking of people-oriented. < Guoyu] emphasized that the interests should be taken as the conditions for the coordination between the rulers and the people, and the people should be gained through the benefit of the people. We advocate caring for the people and caring for the people. The demand of virtue for the people, the demand for public interest, the guidance of the people, the consideration of the people in military activities, and so on, are reflected in Mandarin. Fourthly, the "Mandarin" and the cultural spirit of emphasizing harmony have different levels: the "harmony" on the level of the relationship between people's practical objects, the "harmony" of the object-to-object relationship between people and the object itself. The relationship between people, especially the harmony of political relations between people, is especially important in the thought of political harmony and the use of talents. In Mandarin, there is also the idea of harmonious relations in nature itself. This idea is evident in the theory of yin and yang. Fifth, the cultural spirit of mandarin and deference to heaven. The Tao of Heaven in Mandarin contains three aspects: the meaning of destiny or the arrangement of heaven, the law of moral meaning and the connotation of order; The Tao of Heaven has a regular meaning. Mandarin contains a more complicated view of destiny and personnel. In Mandarin, destiny determinism can be found everywhere. The understanding of the rise and fall of a country, the chaos of the world, and the joys and blessings of the world often attribute them to "fate". However, the central idea of mandarin is to pay attention to personnel rather than destiny. In short, combing the ideological connotation of Guoyu, the basic features of the cultural spirit of the pre-Qin Dynasty are remarkable. Throughout the development of the Chinese cultural spirit, "Mandarin" is an indispensable transitional link from the national cultural spirit of Xia, Shang and the early Zhou Dynasty to the hundred schools of thought.
【学位授予单位】：南开大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2010
【分类号】：K225

【参考文献】