明代云南土官袭职制度研究

发布时间：2018-06-15 17:56

本文选题：明朝 + 云南　；参考：《学术探索》2013年03期

【摘要】：云南是明代土官的主要分布区。明代云南土官有选用和世袭两类。选用土官为汉人,世袭土官是土酋。土酋袭职的次序有父子、兄弟、妻子、女婿、叔侄,甚至得到明朝许可后头目也可以袭职。在云南土酋袭职方式的基础上,借鉴明代武职袭职程序,形成了云南土官袭职的基本程序,即应袭土官提出申请,头目保举,官员勘合,且应袭者符合年龄条件后可袭职。为避免争袭,应袭土官要接受儒学教育,在职土官要编制宗支图谱。云南土官赴京袭职,是明初形成的惯例。但路途遥远和土官贫富不均使正统时期出现纳粮就地勘合袭职。而勘合官员腐败等弊端,导致了嘉靖初年芒部、武定、寻甸等处土官叛乱。平定叛乱后,在总结弊端的基础上,嘉靖九年(1530)制定《土官袭职条例》。此后加强对土官的约束,每三年考核一次,通过考核才能连任,对违法乱纪、不服从勘合的土官实行改流。随着嘉靖时期灾荒增多、财政不足,嘉靖十五年(1536)开始实行纳粮折银袭职。而勘合官员索贿、不作为等行为影响了三宣六慰地区土官对明朝的向背,隆庆至万历初年木邦、陇川、潞江、蛮莫等土官叛附缅甸。为增强明朝对土官的凝聚力,万历初年放宽土官袭职条件,不纳粮也可以就地勘合袭职。
[Abstract]:Yunnan is the main distribution area of Tuguan in Ming Dynasty. In the Ming Dynasty, there were two kinds of local officials in Yunnan: selection and hereditary. The selection of the official for the Han, the hereditary official is the chieftain. The order of the chieftain was father and son, brother, wife, son-in-law, nephew, and even the leader of the Ming Dynasty. On the basis of the way of attacking posts in Yunnan, and drawing lessons from the procedure of assault by military officers in Ming Dynasty, the basic procedure of attacking officers in Yunnan Province is formed, that is, they should apply to the officials, protect the chief, and the officials can carry out the duties after the assailants meet the requirements of age. In order to avoid the attack, teachers should receive Confucianism education. Yunnan officials to attack Beijing, is formed in the early Ming convention. But the long way and the poor and unequal land officials led to the orthodox period of grain on the geological survey attack. The corruption of officials led to the early years of Jiajing, Wuding, Xudian and other local officials rebellion. After calming down the rebellion, on the basis of summing up the malpractice, Jiajing Nine year 1530) formulated the Land official assault Ordinance. Since then, it has strengthened its restraint on the land officials, assessed once every three years, and only through the examination can it be re-elected, and it is necessary to change the flow of land officials who violate the law and discipline and do not accept the conscription of the land officials. With the increase of famine in Jiajing period and the shortage of finance, Jiajing began to accept grain for 15 ~ 36 years. And the behavior of soliciting bribes, inaction and other actions affected the local officials of the three Xuan and six comfort areas to the Ming Dynasty, from Longqing to the beginning of Wanli Mubang, Longchuan, Lujiang, Manmo and other local officials defected to Myanmar. In order to strengthen the cohesion of the Ming Dynasty to the land officials, the first year of Wanli relaxed the conditions of attacking the land officials, and they could also be attacked on the basis of geological prospecting if they did not receive grain.
【作者单位】：云南大学人文学院;
【分类号】：K248;D691.42

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