官治、民治规范下村民的“自在生活”——宋朝村民生活世界初探

发布时间：2018-06-23 00:59

本文选题：宋朝 + 村民　；参考：《文史哲》2013年04期

【摘要】：两宋文献显示,在日常生活的许多"私"领域中,皇权无意、也缺乏足够的行政力量完全控制村落民户。在这些看似"国家不在场"的领域,皇权只能听任村民们"自在"生活。只要村民能够按时完税服役,保持乡间社会秩序稳定,皇权控制是相对无力或疏散的。但这并不意味着皇权控制的若有若无或"无为而治",实际上,宋朝广大村民生活在一个庞大而细密的社会控制网络之中,其中有来自皇权渗透于乡间的"官治"控制网络,它表现为刚性的行政治理;有"以民治民"的"半官方化"的乡役等模式,"民治"实质上乃"官治"的延伸与变异,其统摄村民的方式更加隐蔽;此外,交织于"官治"和"民治"之间的、柔性的儒家纲常教化理念的统摄力也相当显著。宋朝村落在"官治"与"民治"交织治理模式之下,社会秩序相对和谐。较之宋以前诸朝,两宋社会控制模式更显多元,"官治"和"民治"的色彩和绩效都更加明显。
[Abstract]:The literature of the two Song dynasties shows that in many "private" fields of daily life, the imperial power has no intention and lacks sufficient administrative power to completely control the villagers. In these seemingly state-absent areas, imperial power can only be left to the villagers to live at ease. As long as villagers are able to serve on time and maintain social order in the countryside, imperial control is relatively powerless or evacuated. But this does not mean that if the imperial power controls if there is nothing or "nothing to govern", in fact, the majority of the villagers of the Song Dynasty live in a huge and detailed social control network, including the imperial power infiltrating into the "official" control network in the countryside. It is shown as rigid administrative governance, with the "semi-official" rural service mode of "governing the people by the people", "the rule by the people" is essentially the extension and variation of "official rule", and the way in which it dominates the villagers is more concealed. Intertwined between "official rule" and "rule by the people", the flexible Confucian philosophy of discipline is also quite significant. The village of Song Dynasty is relatively harmonious in social order under the intertwined governance mode of "government by government" and "rule by the people". Compared with the dynasties before the Song Dynasty, the social control mode of the two Song dynasties is more diversified, and the color and performance of the "official rule" and "people rule" are more obvious.
【作者单位】：南开大学历史学院暨中国社会史研究中心;
【基金】：国家社科基金青年项目“宋朝农民生活研究:以东南诸路为中心的考察”(08CZS004) 中国博士后第三批特别资助项目(2010139)的阶段性成果
【分类号】：C912.82;K244

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