守望的距离——黔中屯堡的历史与文化观察

发布时间：2018-06-30 21:05

本文选题：屯堡人 + 屯堡文化　；参考：《云南大学》2010年博士论文

【摘要】： 在贵州诸多地域文化现象中,屯堡文化无疑是最有特色之一。即便从全国视野来看,屯堡作为贯穿历史和现实之间的一个特别载体,也有着诸多值得关注与研究的特质。屯堡文化的逐渐成形,其实是明清移民以原籍家乡文化在移居地复杂的自然和人文环境中的重新建构。明代贵州独特的军事社会结构,是当时国家政策的具体产物,是国家政治军事需要下的资源配置结果,调北征南、卫所屯田、屯军世袭,社会结构趋向军事化加兵团农业化。但是随着时间的推移,特别是清代废除卫所以后,社会结构已发生前所未有的变革,在这样的变革中,军事移民及其后裔的命运深受影响。值得注意的是,随着移民的迁入,江淮民间文化以及其他相对发达的地域文化随国家意志向边地深度传播,成为移民地区的文化母源和文化主体,逐渐和地缘融合,不断建构着新的族群文化。研究屯堡文化是基于这样一个前提,即在农耕社会里从物质到精神方面都不失为理想家园的屯堡社会目前面临着解构的危机。它赖以生存的土壤和外部环境已经发生和正在发生深刻的改变,而且不可逆转。屯堡文化所具有的地方性和独特性,就成为全球化语境下的地方性存在,因而备受关注。这其中不乏矛盾与冲突、解构与重构、边缘与中心等等问题。不仅如此,地域性文化如何面对自身存在的价值,以何种姿态面对全球化,如何在全球化语境中存在下去,是很有意义的话题。而且,这个话题是跨地域的。在尊重多样性的同时,共同性也显得非常重要,它让不同的文化能够轻易找到彼此亲近的支点,更加便于对其他方面的、尤其是对差异性的接受和尊重。对于屯堡文化来说,也是概莫能外。在这个前提引领下,本论文以史料考证、现象分析、文本研究的方法,试图从历史和文化的角度对屯堡文化中的几个关键点进行分析研究。主要包括：屯堡人及屯堡文化的起源、屯堡人群形成的时间和空间、明代贵州卫所及屯军研究、屯堡聚落的历史演进、屯堡人的族群与文化认同等。在论文前言中,本文探讨了屯堡文化研究的基本概念和意义,提出与许多消逝的文明相比,屯堡文化至今还能让人惊异地感觉它的体温和生命的脉动,这本身就是一个让人惊异的现象,尽管它消逝的步履正在不断的加快。或许正因为如此,尊重它、面对它、研究它就被赋予了一定的急迫性和时效性。而作为本土化文明的一个进程,屯堡文化研究对现今的屯堡地区具有强烈的现实意义。在第一章里,本文尝试着在史料和诸多研究成果的基础上对屯堡及屯堡人称谓的来历进行了界定和梳理,对屯堡分布区域、对屯堡文化研究的阶段性成果进行了总结,并尝试提出了目前屯堡文化研究应采用的几个基本思路。在第二章里,对明代以前的贵州及黔中屯堡的形成进行了条理性研究。着重探讨了明代贵州卫所与屯堡人的形成之间的关系,指出正是明初的政治军事需要,主要是明洪武年间“调北征南”和“调北填南”形成了规模化的存在,形成了早期屯堡人最核心的主体。明代贵州卫所士兵大量逃逸,清代贵州风烟不断,而安顺屯堡地区始终生生不息,是社会变迁中地缘环境与历史环境相互交集的结果。在第三章里,提出屯堡文化发端于黔中安顺,具有的几个特点：非常之地、非常之时、非常之态。对明代贵州二十四卫中,为何最终形成屯堡人的地区,只集中在普定一府三卫的原因进行了研究,并提出现在的屯堡人实际上定型于清代中后期,指出黔中屯堡文化长期存在所具有的外在和内在的因素。在第四章里,通过对几个屯堡家族个案的研究,分析屯堡人齐家治国的观念。指出屯堡人在与地缘环境充分融合的基础上,恪守传统文化,一直积极融入传统社会。从屯堡人身上,我们可以惊异地看到,中国传统文化的生命力在民间得以如此充分的积蓄与展现,对传统农业社会的超稳定结构长期存在,起着不可替代的保障作用。第五章是对屯堡文化中的具有特点的一些文化事象进行梳理,对屯堡方言、屯堡信仰、屯堡礼俗进行研究探讨,主要目的是探讨屯堡文化与母源文化、与地缘环境、与文化环境、与社会变迁之间的种种关联。第六章是地戏研究。之所以要单列地戏为一章,是因为地戏在屯堡文化事象中所具有的特殊性和重要性。地戏是屯堡地区一种特殊的戏剧形式,除了具有驱邪纳吉、表演娱乐的外显功能之外,地戏是屯堡人建构自己的族群历史的形象化载体。本文提出,作为一个尚存的文化共同体,屯堡人的贡献在于,他们在自身文化的建构过程中,巧妙而又忠实地实现了发源地文化与迁入地的环境有机结合,在坚持中又适时地发展了发源地文化,形成了独特的文化共同体。作为现在还存在的人群,屯堡人一直在我们身边真实地存在,我们尤其希望在未来的社会中也有他们的一席之地。他们不仅仅可以被“他者”描述、被书写、被言说,也完全可以主动地审视自己的历史,从而积极地面向过去和未来,成为自身文化的持有者和传承者,成为历史和未来之间的纽带和桥梁。只有这样,现今的屯堡人才能在不断融入现代社会的同时,积极而不是消极地看待持续六百年的自身文化谱系,选择而不是放弃自身与生俱来的诸多优良传统,充分发扬这些优良传统和文化来构建现代意义中的屯堡社区,并乐观地走向未来。从这个视角出发,对于屯堡和屯堡文化的研究,不仅有文化史的价值,更有对现实和未来的关照价值。
[Abstract]:Tunpu culture is undoubtedly one of the most distinctive features in many regional cultural phenomena in Guizhou . Even from the perspective of the whole country , Tunpu is a special carrier that runs through history and reality , and has a lot of characteristics that deserve attention and research .

The gradual formation of Tunpu culture is the reconstruction of the native culture of Ming and Qing in the complicated natural and human environment .

The study of Tunpu culture is based on the premise that the Tunpu society , which is the ideal home from the matter to the spiritual aspect , is confronted with the crisis of Deconstruction at present . It depends on the existence and profound changes of the soil and the external environment . The local and unique characteristics of Tunpu culture have become the local existence in the context of globalization .

However , how regional culture faces the value of globalization , how to face globalization and how to survive in the context of globalization is a very meaningful topic . In addition , the topic is cross - regional . In the meantime , the topic is trans - regional . In the meantime , it makes different cultures easy to find the pivot points that are close to each other , and makes it easier to accept and respect the differences , especially for Tunpu culture .

Based on this premise , this thesis attempts to analyze several key points in Tunpu culture from the angle of history and culture , including : the origin of Tunpu and Tunpu culture , the time and space of the formation of Tunpu crowd , the historical evolution of the settlement in the Ming Dynasty , the historical evolution of Tunpu settlement , the ethnic and cultural identity of Tunpu people , etc .

In the preface of the thesis , this paper discusses the basic concept and significance of Tunpu culture research , and puts forward that Tunpu culture can still feel its body temperature and life ' s pulsation as compared with many evanescent civilizations , which is itself a phenomenon that makes people amazing . Perhaps it is because it has been accelerating . Perhaps it is because it has been given a certain degree of urgency and timeliness . As a process of localization civilization , Tunpu culture research has a strong practical significance for the present Tunpu district .

In the first chapter , this paper attempts to define and comb the description of Tunpu and Tunpu people on the basis of historical materials and many research results , summarizes the stage achievements of Tunpu ' s cultural research , and tries to put forward some basic ideas which should be adopted in the study of Tunpu ' s culture .

In the second chapter , the paper studies the formation of Tunpu in Guizhou and Qianzhong in the Ming Dynasty . It is pointed out that it is precisely the political and military requirement of Ming Dynasty . It is the main body of early Ming Dynasty .

In the third chapter , the author puts forward several characteristics of Anshun of Tunpu culture in Guizhou . It has several characteristics : it is very important and very important . It is very important to study the reasons of the formation of Tunpu people in the twenty - four guards of Guizhou , and put forward that the present Tunpu people are actually shaped in the middle and late Qing Dynasty , and pointed out that the external and inner factors of the long - term existence of Tunpu culture in Qianzhong .

In the fourth chapter , through the study of several Tunpu family cases , it is pointed out that Tunpu ' s traditional culture has been actively integrated into the traditional society on the basis of full integration with the geo - environment . From Tunpu people , we can see that the vitality of traditional Chinese culture has been accumulated and exhibited in the folk so that the super - stable structure of traditional agricultural society has long existed and plays an irreplaceable role .

In the fifth chapter , some cultural events in Tunpu culture are studied , and the study of Tunpu dialect , Tunpu Belief and Tunpu custom is discussed . The main aim is to explore the relationship between Tunpu culture and maternal source culture , and the environment , cultural environment and social change .

The sixth chapter is the study of the opera , because the drama is the special and important part of Tunpu ' s cultural affairs . The opera is a special drama form in Tunpu district . Besides the explicit function of dispelling pathogenic factors , Nji and performing entertainment , the opera is the image carrier of Tunpu ' s construction of its own ethnic history .

In this paper , as a surviving cultural community , Tunpu ' s contribution is that , in the process of constructing their own culture , they have realized the combination of the origin culture and the land - to - land environment , which has formed a unique cultural community .

From this perspective , for the study of Tunpu and Tunpu culture , not only has the value of cultural history , but also has the value to the reality and the future .
【学位授予单位】：云南大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2010
【分类号】：K248

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