十六至十八世纪婢女生存状态研究
发布时间：2018-07-25 16:26
【摘要】： 婢女是中国古代社会的一个特殊女性群体。十六至十八世纪,婢女显现出一系列值得关注的特征。其身份、地位以及独特的社会角色和生存策略都构成这个时代女性和社会史中的重要课题。着眼于对婢女生存状态的研究,可以进一步深入理解婢女阶层多样化和多层化的面貌。从女性史的角度来看,对婢女阶层的研究,还有助于推动中国妇女史领域关于下层妇女的研究。从社会史意义上讲,对婢女群体进行全面系统的研究对于深化理解明清时期的“贱民”生存状况也具有重要意义。本文在尽量吸收学术界已有研究成果的基础上,分六章对十六至十八世纪婢女生存状态进行较为系统化的分析。 第一章“女性的生存空间”。本章概括了十六至十八世纪影响“良家”女沦为婢女的几个重要时代因素。商品经济的繁荣不仅模糊了以往良贱等级的界限,刺激了奢侈之风的盛行,而且还冲击了原本就很脆弱的女性栖身的小家庭,造成女性向家外流动的倾向。然而,商品经济的繁荣并没有为女性开拓出更广泛的谋生空间,反而因生产劳作的专门化、技术化将相当数量的女性挤出传统社会劳作的范畴。同时,女性居家意识的盛行与强化也在人们的思想观念层面上束缚着女性进入社会生产领域的动向。 第二章“婢女数量的增长态势及其成因”。本章通过考察社会各阶层广泛存在的蓄婢情况及女性成为婢女的主要途径,从整体上勾勒出当时婢女数量增多的趋势。关于成因,首先从生存重压的角度指出土地兼并、官府横征暴敛、高利贷盘剥和清初奴隶制残余向内地扩展四个方面论述了婢女数量增多的原因。其次,从女性性别角度,指出在商品经济刺激下扭曲的男尊女卑观念、社会的奢靡风气以及从事买卖婢女活动的专业团伙和中介人三个因素对婢女数量增多产生了推动作用。再次,对小家庭卖女为婢的行为进行分析,指出其实质是一种经济重压下的伦理道德变异。 第三章“婢女的社会定位与生存境遇”。本章着重探讨婢女的生存实态,力求全面、深入地反映婢女生活的全貌。首先从国家法律条文与私人家规两个方面勾勒出关于婢女生存的大框架。然后围绕婢女的类型、角色以及生存境遇三个方面考察婢女的具体生活情况,从中发现婢女所扮演的劳动者这一总角色下还可进一步细分出多种角色。同时,婢女的生存境遇也会根据其在主家中的类型与扮演的角色不同而存在差异与分化。 第四章“婢女的婚姻状况”。本章对婢女婚姻的丰富内涵、法律文本中的相关规定、主家的实施过程以及婢女婚姻实态四个方面进行细致考察,展现出婢女婚姻与婢女角色变动的情况,以及婢女婚姻的特异性与多重动向并生的特征。研究发现,婚姻对婢女而言,既可能是向普通女性通常结婚生子人生轨迹的回归,也可能是向高等级家庭流动并改变其自身卑微身份的途径。 第五章“‘义婢’研究”。本章分别从社会存在与文本建构形象两个层面对当时所谓的“义婢”进行研究。从对“义婢”概念的界定、类型与原因三个方面对现实存在的“义婢”现象进行剖析,指出“义婢”现象的发生是外界“重义”舆论导向与婢女主观方面所存在的自我认同、自我变异等因素共同作用的结果。从文人对塑造“义婢”形象的热情以及“义婢”形象所表现出的时代特征可以看出,文人欲借“义婢”形象来挽救当时主婢关系日益消融的颓势以及规范两性关系的目的。本章提出,十六至十八世纪的“义婢”在相当程度上可视为由官方倡导以及士人为应对主婢矛盾激化而对“义婢”采用强化的特写方式造成的。 第六章“关于婢女的社会思想——以训诫语中的驭婢观念为例”。本章以反映士人观念最为集中的训诫语为主体资料管窥当时有关婢女的社会思想。训诫语中既有“谨防酷训”防范婢女的消极主张,也有“待婢以宽”提倡主婢之间宽容与沟通的积极方式。其中“宽婢”思想与儒家提倡的“道德救时”传统一脉相承。但这种秩序规范的具体实践可操作性当然与其理想的主婢秩序稳定化的预设目标相差甚远。 结论部分在总结本论文研究所得出的各项基本结论之外,进一步指出:十六至十八世纪的婢女现象反映出商品经济繁荣对女性人身依附关系的强化,社会分层的复杂性以及奴隶制因素在中国古代社会的长期存在。同时,社会史与女性视角结合的研究方法对考察其他阶层妇女也具有方法论意义。
[Abstract]:Maidservant is a special female group in ancient Chinese society. From sixteen to eighteenth Century, the maidservant showed a series of characteristics worthy of attention. Its identity, status, unique social role and survival strategy all constitute an important topic in the history of women and society in this era. From the perspective of female history, the study of the maidservant class also helps to promote the study of the lower women in the field of Chinese women's history. In the sense of social history, a comprehensive and systematic study of the maidservant group is to deeply understand the living conditions of the "pariah" in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. It is of great significance. On the basis of absorbing the existing research achievements in the academic world, this paper makes a systematic analysis of the survival status of maidservant in six chapters from sixteen to eighteenth Century.
The first chapter is "the living space of women". This chapter summarizes several important times factors that affect the "good family" female as a maidservant from sixteen to eighteenth Century. The prosperity of the commodity economy has not only blurred the boundaries of the former good grades, but also stimulated the prevalence of the luxury of luxury, but also the impact of a small family of the original fragile female. However, the prosperity of the commodity economy has not opened up a broader space for women to make a living. On the contrary, a considerable number of women are squeezed out of the category of traditional social labor because of the specialization of production labor. At the same time, the prevalence and strengthening of women's home consciousness are also bound by the people's ideological and ideological level. The movement of women into the field of social production.
The second chapter "the growth situation and the cause of the number of maidservants". This chapter outlines the trend of the increase in the number of maidservants from the whole of the social strata and the main ways for women to become maidservants. The reasons for the increase of the number of maidservants were discussed in four aspects of the expansion of the remnants of slavery and the expansion of slavery to the mainland in the early Qing Dynasty. Secondly, from the perspective of female sex, it was pointed out that the concept of "men and women" under the stimulus of commodity economy, the luxurious atmosphere of the society and the three factors of the professional gangs and intermediaries engaged in the trade and maidservant activities increased the number of maidservants. Once again, the analysis of the behavior of a small family selling a girl to a servant girl shows that its essence is a moral and moral variation under economic pressure.
The third chapter, "the social position and the living situation of the maidservant". This chapter focuses on the existence of maidservant's existence, strives for a comprehensive and thorough reflection of the whole picture of the maidservant's life. First, it outlines the big frame about the survival of the maidservant from two aspects of the national legal provisions and private family rules. And then, there are three sides around the type of maidservant, the role and the situation of survival. In view of the specific life situation of the maidservant, it is found that a number of roles can be further subdivided under the general role of the labourer who is played by the maidservant. At the same time, the survival situation of the maidservant will also be differentiated and differentiated according to the different types and roles played by the maidservant.
The fourth chapter "the marital status of the maidservant". This chapter examines the rich connotation of the maidservant marriage, the relevant provisions in the legal text, the implementation process of the master and the four aspects of the maidservant's marriage, showing the changes in the role of the maidservant marriage and maidservant, as well as the characteristics of the marriage of maidservant and the multiple trends of the maidservant. It is found that marriage to a maidservant may be a return to the common woman's life path, or a way to move to a high grade family and change his own humble identity.
The fifth chapter "the study of" the "righteous maidservant". This chapter studies the so-called "righteous maidservant" from two layers of social existence and text construction image. From the definition, type and reason of the concept of "righteous maidservant", the phenomenon of "righteous maidservant" is analyzed in three aspects, indicating that the occurrence of the "righteous maidservant" phenomenon is the external "heavy meaning". It can be seen from the enthusiasm of the literati to shape the image of the "righteous maidservant" and the characteristics of the "righteous maidservant" image that the literati want to save the declining trend of the relationship between the maidservant and the maidservant at that time. This chapter puts forward that the "maidservant" from sixteen to eighteenth Century can be considered to be caused by the official initiating and the intensive special style of the "righteous maidservant" by the officials and the scholars in response to the contradiction between the master and the maidservant.
The sixth chapter "the social thought of the maidservant: Taking the idea of maidservant in the admonition as an example". This chapter, taking the most concentrated admonition of the ideas of the scholars as the main material, examines the social thought of the maidservant at that time. The admonition language not only has the negative opinion of "Beware of cool training" to guard against the maidservant, but also advocates the master maidservant between the maidservant and the maidservant. In the positive way of tolerance and communication, the idea of "wide maidservant" is in the same vein as the tradition of "moral salvation" advocated by Confucianism. However, the practical operability of this order of order is of course far from the desired goal of stabilizing the order of the ideal master maidservant.
The conclusion, in addition to the basic conclusions of the study, further points out that the maidservant phenomenon from sixteen to eighteenth Century reflects the strengthening of the economic prosperity of the commodity, the complexity of the social stratification and the long-term existence of slavery in the ancient Chinese society. The research method of angular combination has methodological significance for the inspection of women in other classes.
【学位授予单位】：东北师范大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2007
【分类号】：K248
本文编号：2144387
[Abstract]:Maidservant is a special female group in ancient Chinese society. From sixteen to eighteenth Century, the maidservant showed a series of characteristics worthy of attention. Its identity, status, unique social role and survival strategy all constitute an important topic in the history of women and society in this era. From the perspective of female history, the study of the maidservant class also helps to promote the study of the lower women in the field of Chinese women's history. In the sense of social history, a comprehensive and systematic study of the maidservant group is to deeply understand the living conditions of the "pariah" in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. It is of great significance. On the basis of absorbing the existing research achievements in the academic world, this paper makes a systematic analysis of the survival status of maidservant in six chapters from sixteen to eighteenth Century.
The first chapter is "the living space of women". This chapter summarizes several important times factors that affect the "good family" female as a maidservant from sixteen to eighteenth Century. The prosperity of the commodity economy has not only blurred the boundaries of the former good grades, but also stimulated the prevalence of the luxury of luxury, but also the impact of a small family of the original fragile female. However, the prosperity of the commodity economy has not opened up a broader space for women to make a living. On the contrary, a considerable number of women are squeezed out of the category of traditional social labor because of the specialization of production labor. At the same time, the prevalence and strengthening of women's home consciousness are also bound by the people's ideological and ideological level. The movement of women into the field of social production.
The second chapter "the growth situation and the cause of the number of maidservants". This chapter outlines the trend of the increase in the number of maidservants from the whole of the social strata and the main ways for women to become maidservants. The reasons for the increase of the number of maidservants were discussed in four aspects of the expansion of the remnants of slavery and the expansion of slavery to the mainland in the early Qing Dynasty. Secondly, from the perspective of female sex, it was pointed out that the concept of "men and women" under the stimulus of commodity economy, the luxurious atmosphere of the society and the three factors of the professional gangs and intermediaries engaged in the trade and maidservant activities increased the number of maidservants. Once again, the analysis of the behavior of a small family selling a girl to a servant girl shows that its essence is a moral and moral variation under economic pressure.
The third chapter, "the social position and the living situation of the maidservant". This chapter focuses on the existence of maidservant's existence, strives for a comprehensive and thorough reflection of the whole picture of the maidservant's life. First, it outlines the big frame about the survival of the maidservant from two aspects of the national legal provisions and private family rules. And then, there are three sides around the type of maidservant, the role and the situation of survival. In view of the specific life situation of the maidservant, it is found that a number of roles can be further subdivided under the general role of the labourer who is played by the maidservant. At the same time, the survival situation of the maidservant will also be differentiated and differentiated according to the different types and roles played by the maidservant.
The fourth chapter "the marital status of the maidservant". This chapter examines the rich connotation of the maidservant marriage, the relevant provisions in the legal text, the implementation process of the master and the four aspects of the maidservant's marriage, showing the changes in the role of the maidservant marriage and maidservant, as well as the characteristics of the marriage of maidservant and the multiple trends of the maidservant. It is found that marriage to a maidservant may be a return to the common woman's life path, or a way to move to a high grade family and change his own humble identity.
The fifth chapter "the study of" the "righteous maidservant". This chapter studies the so-called "righteous maidservant" from two layers of social existence and text construction image. From the definition, type and reason of the concept of "righteous maidservant", the phenomenon of "righteous maidservant" is analyzed in three aspects, indicating that the occurrence of the "righteous maidservant" phenomenon is the external "heavy meaning". It can be seen from the enthusiasm of the literati to shape the image of the "righteous maidservant" and the characteristics of the "righteous maidservant" image that the literati want to save the declining trend of the relationship between the maidservant and the maidservant at that time. This chapter puts forward that the "maidservant" from sixteen to eighteenth Century can be considered to be caused by the official initiating and the intensive special style of the "righteous maidservant" by the officials and the scholars in response to the contradiction between the master and the maidservant.
The sixth chapter "the social thought of the maidservant: Taking the idea of maidservant in the admonition as an example". This chapter, taking the most concentrated admonition of the ideas of the scholars as the main material, examines the social thought of the maidservant at that time. The admonition language not only has the negative opinion of "Beware of cool training" to guard against the maidservant, but also advocates the master maidservant between the maidservant and the maidservant. In the positive way of tolerance and communication, the idea of "wide maidservant" is in the same vein as the tradition of "moral salvation" advocated by Confucianism. However, the practical operability of this order of order is of course far from the desired goal of stabilizing the order of the ideal master maidservant.
The conclusion, in addition to the basic conclusions of the study, further points out that the maidservant phenomenon from sixteen to eighteenth Century reflects the strengthening of the economic prosperity of the commodity, the complexity of the social stratification and the long-term existence of slavery in the ancient Chinese society. The research method of angular combination has methodological significance for the inspection of women in other classes.
【学位授予单位】：东北师范大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2007
【分类号】：K248
【引证文献】
相关硕士学位论文 前3条
1 卢忠帅;明清社会贱民阶层研究[D];山东师范大学;2010年
2 李婷婷;清代文言小说中的婢女形象研究[D];苏州大学;2012年
3 张昂霄;明清“三姑六婆”群体研究[D];东北师范大学;2012年
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