清初贰臣心态与文学研究
发布时间：2018-08-20 15:55
【摘要】：清初的贰臣,是已经在明朝出仕为官,又在明清易代后再仕于清朝,因而违反了儒家君臣伦理道德的士人。这是一个相当特殊的士人群体,他们具有相似的性格弱点,面临着同样的人生困境,因而形成了本群体特有的心态和文学,对清初的文学发展有巨大影响。但因道德上的争议,这一群体长期被边缘化,因而有很多内容值得重新发掘和思考。本文描述这一群体的形成过程、其特有的苦闷心态,以及在精神重压下的发展变化,试图勾勒出这一群体心态的大致面貌,以及由此导致的文学创作和文学思想倾向。 全文共分为五个部分: 引论界定了本文的研究范围——明清之际先后出仕于明清两朝的士人:论述贰臣这一概念随社会道德观念而演化的过程;回溯历代贰臣的历史,特别是某些贰臣现象多发的历史时期贰臣的普遍心态;以及贰臣因仕于异族政权而背负更大心理压力的特殊情况。 第一章论述清初贰臣群体的形成,对这一士人群体形成的过程,其范围和成员身份的划分,以及形成这一群体的各种政治文化因素作了说明。 清初贰臣士人群体,是由于明王朝以及承其正朔的南明等政权灭亡,服务于这些政权的明朝官吏逐渐出仕于清朝而形成的,这个群体的数量相当庞大,社会影响力惊人,其构成也是极为复杂,在地域、功名、资历背景个方面都有较大的区别。 清初贰臣改节再仕现象的成因异常复杂:在政治现实条件方面,有清政府的优厚延揽和强制举荐、南明政权的政策失误、以及贰臣自身地域家族利益的影响;在文化背景方面,有晚明科举制度和政局恶化的流弊、晚明心学和人欲至上观念的普及、以及某些传统文化观念如权变、孝亲等因素的影响。 第二章分析清初贰臣改节再仕后的心理状态,在曾经的人格理想被自己亲手损毁后的精神创痛。 这个群体由于具有相似的性格弱点和人生经历,面对着相同的生存困境,因而具有普遍的群体性心态:身为故明官吏和满清新贵双重身份的“两截人”、处于整个人生前后割裂、反差巨大的生存状态中:面对着来自外界社会谴责和内心自我谴责的双重压力;由于贪生怕死而抛弃节操所导致的强烈的生存罪恶感;精神支柱缺失后的心灵荒芜状态。 在如何看待和重新定位自我身份方面,这个群体也有较多的共性心态:对这一可耻身份的掩饰与逃避,以及在无法掩饰逃避的情况下,产生的同病相怜式的群体认同感。 第三章着重分析清初贰臣在人格理想损毁后,重新寻求自身价值的努力。 有的贰臣通过积极从政、建立功业,来实现儒家政治理想和自我意识;有的贰臣通过修史撰述,以保存故国史料文化、反思明朝灭亡的原因;也有的贰臣在与大节未亏的遗民士人的交往中,寻求其谅解和慰藉。 第四章论述清初贰臣文学的特点。 由于在明末已取得的成就,和入清后政治地位的优势,贰臣文人对清初诗坛具有巨大的影响力,特别是创作成就和身份地位都比较高的“江左三大家”等诗人,影响力更为可观。贰臣文人通过唱酬交往、提携后辈的方式,普及自己的文学观念。 清初贰臣的文学创作有较鲜明的本群体特征,其内容以故国之思和失节之恸交织在一起的双重主题为主,表现形式则是半吞半吐、含蓄曲折的“失啼之鹃”的抒写方式,其作品中往往还蕴含着隐秘的自我意识。 在文学传承方面,清初贰臣的承上启下地位尤为突出,创作上表现为从悲慨沉郁的黍离诗风,到清正闲雅的庙堂诗风的演变过程;文学思想方面,则表现为对明代各种文学流派观念的反思,和对未来文学发展趋势的整体关照。
[Abstract]:In the early Qing Dynasty, the underprivileged officials had been in the Ming Dynasty as officials, and then in the Qing Dynasty after the Ming and Qing Dynasties, thus violating the ethics and morality of the Confucian monarchs. This is a very special group of scholars, they have similar character weaknesses, facing the same plight in life, thus forming the group's unique mentality and literature, compared with the early Qing Dynasty. Literature has a great influence on the development of literature, but because of the moral controversy, this group has been marginalized for a long time, so there are many contents worth Re-exploring and thinking. This paper describes the formation process of this group, its unique depressed mentality, as well as the development and change under the pressure of the spirit, trying to outline the general outlook of this group mentality, and thus. Literary creation and literary inclination.
The full text is divided into five parts.
The introduction defines the scope of this study - scholars who served in the Ming and Qing Dynasties successively: discussing the evolution of the concept of underprivileged officials with social moral concepts; recalling the history of underprivileged officials in all dynasties, especially the general mentality of underprivileged officials in the historical period when some underprivileged officials were frequently seen; and undertaking more underprivileged officials because they served in alien regimes The special situation of great psychological pressure.
In the first chapter, the formation of the group of underprivileged officials in the early Qing Dynasty was discussed, and the formation process, the scope and membership of the group, as well as the various political and cultural factors that formed the group were explained.
In the early Qing Dynasty, the group of junior officials was formed because of the demise of the Ming Dynasty and the Nanming Dynasty, which inherited Zhengshuo, and served these regimes. The number of this group was very large, the social influence was astonishing, and its composition was very complex. There were great differences in the region, the fame and the background of qualifications.
In the early Qing Dynasty, the causes of the phenomenon of the rebellion and re-administration were very complicated: in terms of political conditions, the Qing government's generous solicitation and mandatory recommendation, the policy mistakes of the Nanming regime, and the influence of the local and family interests of the rebels themselves; in terms of cultural background, there were the evils of the imperial examination system and the deterioration of the political situation in the late Ming Dynasty, the psychology of the late Ming Dynasty and the concept of the supremacy of human desire. And the influence of some traditional cultural concepts such as contingency and filial piety.
The second chapter analyzes the psychological state of the junior minister after his secession and re-administration in the early Qing Dynasty.
Because of their similar character weaknesses and life experiences, and facing the same predicament of survival, this group has a general group mentality: the "two persons" with dual identities of clever officials and full, fresh and noble, are in a state of life which is divided before and after the whole life and contrasts with the enormous living conditions: facing the condemnation from the outside world and the inner world The double pressures of self-condemnation; a strong sense of guilt for survival resulting from abandonment of moral integrity due to greed for life and fear of death; a desolate state of mind after the absence of spiritual props.
In terms of how to view and reposition self-identity, this group also has more common attitudes: to hide and evade this shameful identity, as well as in the absence of hide and evade, resulting in a sympathetic group identity.
The third chapter focuses on analyzing the efforts of second ministers in the early Qing Dynasty to seek their own values after the destruction of their ideal personality.
Some of them achieved Confucian political ideals and self-consciousness by actively pursuing politics and establishing meritorious deeds; others by compiling history to preserve the culture of historical materials and reflect on the reasons for the demise of the Ming Dynasty; others sought their understanding and consolation in their contacts with the survivors of the Communist Party.
The fourth chapter discusses the characteristics of the late Qing Dynasty literature.
As a result of the achievements made in the late Ming Dynasty and the advantages of the political position after entering the Qing Dynasty, the Dai-chen scholars had great influence on the poetry circle in the early Qing Dynasty, especially on the poets with relatively high achievements in creation and status, such as the Three Great Men on the left of the Yangtze River. Ideas.
The literary creation of Jianchen in the early Qing Dynasty had distinct characteristics of his own group. The content of his literary creation was based on the dual themes of homeland thoughts and disobedience, and the form of expression was half-swallowing and half-vomiting. The implicit and tortuous way of expression of the "cuckoo" was often embodied in his works.
In the aspect of literary inheritance, the junior ministers in the early Qing Dynasty played an important role in connecting the preceding and the following, and their works showed the evolutionary process from the sad and melancholy poetry style to the pure and elegant Temple poetry style; in the aspect of literary thought, they reflected on various literary schools of thought in the Ming Dynasty, and took an overall care of the development trend of literature in the future.
【学位授予单位】：南开大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2009
【分类号】：K249;I206.2
本文编号：2194184
[Abstract]:In the early Qing Dynasty, the underprivileged officials had been in the Ming Dynasty as officials, and then in the Qing Dynasty after the Ming and Qing Dynasties, thus violating the ethics and morality of the Confucian monarchs. This is a very special group of scholars, they have similar character weaknesses, facing the same plight in life, thus forming the group's unique mentality and literature, compared with the early Qing Dynasty. Literature has a great influence on the development of literature, but because of the moral controversy, this group has been marginalized for a long time, so there are many contents worth Re-exploring and thinking. This paper describes the formation process of this group, its unique depressed mentality, as well as the development and change under the pressure of the spirit, trying to outline the general outlook of this group mentality, and thus. Literary creation and literary inclination.
The full text is divided into five parts.
The introduction defines the scope of this study - scholars who served in the Ming and Qing Dynasties successively: discussing the evolution of the concept of underprivileged officials with social moral concepts; recalling the history of underprivileged officials in all dynasties, especially the general mentality of underprivileged officials in the historical period when some underprivileged officials were frequently seen; and undertaking more underprivileged officials because they served in alien regimes The special situation of great psychological pressure.
In the first chapter, the formation of the group of underprivileged officials in the early Qing Dynasty was discussed, and the formation process, the scope and membership of the group, as well as the various political and cultural factors that formed the group were explained.
In the early Qing Dynasty, the group of junior officials was formed because of the demise of the Ming Dynasty and the Nanming Dynasty, which inherited Zhengshuo, and served these regimes. The number of this group was very large, the social influence was astonishing, and its composition was very complex. There were great differences in the region, the fame and the background of qualifications.
In the early Qing Dynasty, the causes of the phenomenon of the rebellion and re-administration were very complicated: in terms of political conditions, the Qing government's generous solicitation and mandatory recommendation, the policy mistakes of the Nanming regime, and the influence of the local and family interests of the rebels themselves; in terms of cultural background, there were the evils of the imperial examination system and the deterioration of the political situation in the late Ming Dynasty, the psychology of the late Ming Dynasty and the concept of the supremacy of human desire. And the influence of some traditional cultural concepts such as contingency and filial piety.
The second chapter analyzes the psychological state of the junior minister after his secession and re-administration in the early Qing Dynasty.
Because of their similar character weaknesses and life experiences, and facing the same predicament of survival, this group has a general group mentality: the "two persons" with dual identities of clever officials and full, fresh and noble, are in a state of life which is divided before and after the whole life and contrasts with the enormous living conditions: facing the condemnation from the outside world and the inner world The double pressures of self-condemnation; a strong sense of guilt for survival resulting from abandonment of moral integrity due to greed for life and fear of death; a desolate state of mind after the absence of spiritual props.
In terms of how to view and reposition self-identity, this group also has more common attitudes: to hide and evade this shameful identity, as well as in the absence of hide and evade, resulting in a sympathetic group identity.
The third chapter focuses on analyzing the efforts of second ministers in the early Qing Dynasty to seek their own values after the destruction of their ideal personality.
Some of them achieved Confucian political ideals and self-consciousness by actively pursuing politics and establishing meritorious deeds; others by compiling history to preserve the culture of historical materials and reflect on the reasons for the demise of the Ming Dynasty; others sought their understanding and consolation in their contacts with the survivors of the Communist Party.
The fourth chapter discusses the characteristics of the late Qing Dynasty literature.
As a result of the achievements made in the late Ming Dynasty and the advantages of the political position after entering the Qing Dynasty, the Dai-chen scholars had great influence on the poetry circle in the early Qing Dynasty, especially on the poets with relatively high achievements in creation and status, such as the Three Great Men on the left of the Yangtze River. Ideas.
The literary creation of Jianchen in the early Qing Dynasty had distinct characteristics of his own group. The content of his literary creation was based on the dual themes of homeland thoughts and disobedience, and the form of expression was half-swallowing and half-vomiting. The implicit and tortuous way of expression of the "cuckoo" was often embodied in his works.
In the aspect of literary inheritance, the junior ministers in the early Qing Dynasty played an important role in connecting the preceding and the following, and their works showed the evolutionary process from the sad and melancholy poetry style to the pure and elegant Temple poetry style; in the aspect of literary thought, they reflected on various literary schools of thought in the Ming Dynasty, and took an overall care of the development trend of literature in the future.
【学位授予单位】：南开大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2009
【分类号】：K249;I206.2
【引证文献】
相关博士学位论文 前1条
1 范秀君;丁耀亢研究[D];扬州大学;2011年
相关硕士学位论文 前2条
1 孙国柱;天然函罡和尚禅学思想研究[D];南京大学;2012年
2 孙国柱;天然函f0和尚禅学思想研究[D];南京大学;2012年
，本文编号：2194184
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