司马氏父子与先秦诸子学

发布时间：2018-11-03 16:59

【摘要】： 在中国传统学术史上,司马氏父子的先秦诸子学具有承上启下的重要历史地位,并在“辨章学术、考镜源流”方面具有独特的意义和价值。有鉴于此,本文从学术史的研究历程出发,以《史记》为线索,解读、阐释司马氏父子的先秦诸子学,以期揭示《史记》的学术史价值,阐明《史记》中的子学贡献。论文共分三个部分,其内容次第如下: 第一部分着重考察司马氏父子诸子学形成的历史背景。春秋战国之际,社会发生了剧烈变动,反映在思想文化领域,形成了先秦的子学思潮及随后的百家争鸣。伴随诸子百家的出现,对诸子分疏评判、穷源竟委的工作即已发韧,《庄子·天下》堪称中国传统学术史的滥觞,随后,评介、总结诸子百家学说的著作相继出现,诸如《荀子·非十二子》、《荀子·天论》、《荀子·解蔽》、《韩非子·显学》、《吕氏春秋·不二》、《淮南子·要略》等等,子学研究异彩纷呈,从而为司马氏父子的诸子学奠定了基础。第二部分全面阐述司马氏父子的诸子学成就,亦是本文的主体与重点。就司马谈而言,其诸子学集中体现于《论六家要指》一文,它突破前人诸子学的局限,开创性地将先秦诸子划分为阴阳、儒、墨、名、法、道德六家,并准确把握各家宗旨,一分为二地进行全面性评述,开辟了中国学术史上诸子研究的新领域。就司马迁而言,其诸子学本于《论六家要指》而有所发展与深化,主要表现在以列传的体例对先秦诸子的个案研究及各家学派的源流考镜,尤其是通过合传的形式阐发不同学派间的渊源演变。关于阴阳家,司马迁着重评述了邹衍的思想学说及其源流。在司马迁看来,邹衍的思想具体表现在类推的方法论、“五德终始说”的历史观及“大小九州说”的地理观;其学术渊源主要是天道学和儒学;其后学大致衍生为方仙道与终始五德说两类。关于儒家,通过立《孔子世家》、《仲尼弟子列传》及《孟子荀卿列传》,司马迁系统考察了儒家的开山老祖孔子与其弟子以及战国两位儒学大师孟子、荀卿的言行事迹、著述思想及其师承授受等,并首创《儒林列传》,概述了自孔子以来儒学的兴衰发展脉络及儒家六经的学术传承,深刻体认到孔子儒学在汉代所发生的分途与变异。关于道家,司马迁主要探究老子、庄子及道家的发展源流。对于老子,司马迁以其作为道家的创始者,对其人其书提出了自己的看法,首次暗示老子与史官的学术渊源,精炼概括老子的学术宗旨,微观透视孔、老及儒道两家的渊源关系,体认追述了儒道后学的互绌对立。对于庄子,司马迁首次点明老庄间的渊源关系,并对其“归之自然”的思想核心、“m8洋自恣以适己”的人生观、“剽剥儒、墨”的学说特点等有一定的体认。对于道家的发展演变,司马迁认为“老子之后道别为二”,一为庄子,一为黄老,并就黄老之学的思想特征、传授系统、发展流向等进行了深刻解读。关于法家,司马迁侧重审视了商鞅之法、申不害之术及韩非法、术、势思想的集大成,留意到法家与“刑名之学”的内在关联,并以老庄申韩合传揭示了道、法两家的渊源,指出申韩之学远绍老子、近承黄老。探源之外,司马迁考法家流向,在秦朝被定于一尊,在汉代则蜕变为酷吏。关于墨家,司马迁立《游侠列传》,变相发挥墨家要旨,独特考究墨家流向,并由此洞悉先秦儒、墨两家显学在汉代的分野及悬殊命运,反映出学术斗争在时代演化中的流变痕迹。关于名家,司马迁未多加著笔,仅简要提及公孙龙“善为坚白之辩”的学说。关于兵家,司马迁专立《司马穰苴列传》与《孙子吴起列传》,梳理了春秋末期至战国兵学的发展轨迹,并追溯兵家之源,肯定吕尚在中国兵家的始祖地位。第三部分为余论,概要归纳了司马氏父子诸子学在中国学术思想史以及文献目录学上的深远影响。全文旨在表明,司马氏父子在历史撰述中尤为关注学术流变,他们对先秦诸子思想有深刻领会与精辟论断,其在子学上的成就、在传统学术史上承前启后的历史地位,值得我们继续深入挖掘。
[Abstract]:In the traditional Chinese academic history, the Pre-Qin Zhuzi study of the father and son has the important historical status of the upper and the lower, and in the A Study on the Origin of the Academic and Examination Mirror of the Chapter Aspects have a unique meaning and value. In view of this, this paper starts from the course of the study of academic history, and interprets and explains the Pre-Qin Zhuzi of the father and son of Mahalanobis, with a view to revealing the value of the academic history of Shi Ji> and elucidating the sub-study contribution in the Book of History. The thesis is divided into three parts In part, its contents are as follows: first In the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, the society changed violently and reflected in the thought culture. In the field, the thoughts of Zixue in Pre-Qin Dynasty and the following hundred schools of thought were formed. With the appearance of hundreds of families, the work of the poor source committee has become tough, and the work of the poor source committee has become tough. The works of theory appear in succession, such as" Son 路 Non-Twelve "," Son 路 Tianlun "," Son of God ", , , , etc., the study of sub-study The color is different, thus laying the foundation for the study of the Mahalanobis and his father and son. The second part comprehensively expounds the achievements of the Master and Son, and is also the subject and the key of this thesis. In the case of Simah, its sub-studies are concentrated on the" six families", which breaks through the limitations of the predecessors, and creatively divides the Pre-Qin Zhuzi into Yin and Yang, Confucianism, Ink Six families, names, law and morality, and accurately grasp the living conditions. The purpose is to make a comprehensive review in two parts, which opens up a new field of studies in the academic history of China. In the case of Liu Qian, his studies have been developed and deepened, mainly in the case study of Zhuzi in the Pre-Qin period. The origin of each school, especially in the form of a combination of different schools. The origin of the relationship has evolved. With respect to the yin-yang family, A Review on the Migration of the Land of the People's Republic of Zou Yan's thought On the Theory and Its Origin In his view, Zou Yan's thought is embodied in the analogical methodology, "Five Deeds began to say" and "size." "The geographical views of the Confucian School"; its academic origin is mainly Taoist school and Confucianism; the subsequent studies have been largely derived from Fang Xiantao and the final five-year theory. About the Confucianists, by Li , On the basis of Qian's system, Confucius and his disciples, as well as the two Confucian masters of the Warring States Period, Mencius, Wang Qing's actions and deeds, the Confucian culture thought and the training of their teachers, were investigated. Lin Liege>, which gives an overview of the development of Confucianism since Confucius and the Confucian six Through the academic inheritance, the profound recognition of Confucius' Confucianism in the Han Dynasty has taken place and variation. With regard to Taoism, the transformation of Confucianism mainly probes into the origin of the development of Laozi, Zhuangzi and Taoism. The Taoist priest put forward his book on his book My own view, for the first time implies Laozi and the historian's academic origin, refining almost to include Lao Tzu's academic Purpose, micro-penetration depending on the hole, the old man, and the Confucianism. the origin relationship, The body recognized the Confucianism and Taoism. The opposite of post-learning. For Zhuangzi, The Origin Relationship between the First Point and the Old Zhuang in the First Ming Dynasty and "return to nature" At the core of thought, "m8" has a certain recognition of the characteristics of philosophy, such as the outlook on life, "the exploitation of Confucianism, ink" and so on. As for the development and evolution of Taoism, Qian pointed out that "I said good-bye after Lao Tzu was two", one for Zhuangzi, one for Huang Lao, and the thought of Huang Lao. To characterize and impart. The system, the development direction and so on have been deeply interpreted. With regard to the legal family, the migration focus on the Shang Dynasty. "The law, the method of doing harm, and the collection of the illegal, intra-operative and potential thoughts of Han and Han." The internal association of "learning" and the author reveals the origin of the two sources of Taoism and Law in the context of Laozhuang Shen-han, pointing out that Shen Han's study is far from Lao-Tzu, which is close to Huang's old age. In addition to the source of exploration, Liu Qian's examination method home flow direction, in the Qin Dynasty to be fixed in the Han Dynasty, in the Han Dynasty, it was transformed into a cool official. About Moist, Qian Qian Li 【学位授予单位】：山东师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2007
【分类号】：K234

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