庆历之际的文化转型：宋学的历史生成

发布时间：2018-11-09 08:28

【摘要】：北宋庆历之际是中国古代思想文化史上的一个转型时代。它是宋学的生成期,也是汉唐文化向宋文化的转型期。庆历之际,即宋仁宗一朝,有着良好的政治人文环境。重文的社会背境,仁宗宽容的为政风格,内忧外患的时局激发,士人以天下为己任的主体精神及自由议论之风等因素汇合在一起,士人的主体意识张扬,他们在政治上革新求变,学术上大胆创新,疑经思潮兴起,思想领域充满活力,终于促成了这一转型的发生。庆历之际的文化转型大致可以分为三个阶段：天圣——康定年间,是宋学的酝酿发生期；庆历——皇yP年间,是宋学的兴起期,疑经变古思潮涌现；至和——嘉yP年间,是宋学的发展期,“道德性命”之学流行,形成众多理学思想体系,文学转型进一步发展。庆历之际的文化转型主要表现于经学、儒学和文学等领域。经学转型首先表现为对汉儒传注之学的扬弃。宋人跳出汉唐经学的窠臼,突破了汉儒偏于训诂传注的繁言琐碎及狭小格局,以义理说经,关注现实,通经致用,更具人文精神,使儒家学说拓展出更广阔的领域。宋儒们大胆疑经,不盲从传注旧说,从古代经典的源头上探寻微言大义。疑经,新解,层出不穷,使得儒家经典又逐步回归到它关注现实人生的本来面目。宋学的核心在于理学,庆历之际是理学的生成兴起期。儒学的重心在庆历之际转向心性义理之学,它借鉴佛、道的理论,在道、理、心、性、气等概念的阐释上开拓新义,学说的内在逻辑性更加严密。宋儒以“性与天道”作为其理论的主要内容,以“理”、“道”作为沟通天人的桥梁,在形上层面的理论建构,诸如心性论、本体论、认识论等方面,都使儒家学说改变了此前与佛道竞争的被动局面,不再拘守于政治及伦理的领域,开始进入身心修养及精微的思辨之域,在寻找社会人生的规范,讲求修身成德的途径等方面都有新的发展。《四书》学的兴起,使经学重心发生转移,理学家借助《四书》构建他们的理学体系,经学与理学合一。在宋文化转型和宋学的生成过程中,文学的转型也构成了这一转型的重要组成部分。庆历之际的古文运动,其思想背景就是儒学的复兴运动,“文以载道”的口号,反映出古文运动与儒学复兴运动之间的紧密关系。古文运动至此取得了决定性的胜利,文从字顺、明白晓畅的文风取代了重视辞藻、追求华丽的文风；在诗歌领域,也一改宋初的模仿习气,形成宋诗的尚理、重学、追求平淡之风,展现出宋诗的独特风格。
[Abstract]:The Northern Song Dynasty was a transitional period in the history of ancient Chinese ideology and culture. It is the generation period of Song school and the transition period from Han and Tang culture to Song culture. On the occasion of the celebration of the calendar, that is, Song Renzong, there was a good political and humanistic environment. The social background of the heavy literature, the tolerant political style of benevolence, the current situation of internal and external troubles, the scholars' subjective spirit of taking the world as their own responsibility and the style of free discussion converged together, and the scholars' subjective consciousness was made public. Their political innovation, academic bold innovation, the rise of the ideological trend, ideological field full of vitality, finally contributed to this transformation. The cultural transformation during the period of Qingli can be divided into three stages: Tiansh-Kangding period, the gestation period of Song School, the Qing Li-Emperor yP period, the rising period of Song School, and the emergence of the trend of thought of changing the Classics into the Ancient Times. During the period of He-Jia yP, it was the development period of Song school, the study of "moral life" became popular, formed numerous Neo-Confucianism thought system, and the literary transformation developed further. The cultural transformation in the period of Qingli is mainly manifested in the fields of classics, Confucianism and literature. The transformation of Confucian classics is first reflected in the sublation of the study of Confucianism in the Han Dynasty. The Song people jumped out of the pattern of Confucian classics in Han and Tang dynasties, broke through the trivial and narrow pattern of the Confucian scholars who were partial to exegesis, said the sutras with justice, paid attention to the reality, used the classics, and made the Confucian doctrine expand into a broader field. The Confucians of the Song Dynasty were bold to doubt the scriptures, not to blindly follow the old theory, but to explore the great meaning of misrepresentation from the source of the ancient classics. Doubt, new interpretation, endlessly, so that the Confucian classics gradually return to its attention to the reality of life as it is. The core of Song School is Neo-Confucianism, and Qingli is the rising period of Neo-Confucianism. The focus of Confucianism turns to the study of mental nature, justice and principle at the time of the celebration of the calendar. It draws lessons from the theory of Buddhism and Taoism, and develops new meanings in the interpretation of the concepts of Tao, reason, heart, sex and qi, and the inner logic of the theory becomes more rigorous. In Song Dynasty, the main content of his theory is "Nature and Heaven", and the "reason" and "Tao" are used as the bridge between heaven and man, and the theoretical construction on the metaphysical level, such as the theory of mind, ontology, epistemology, and so on. Both make Confucianism change the passive situation of competition with Buddhism and Taoism, no longer stick to the field of politics and ethics, begin to enter the realm of body and mind cultivation and subtle speculation, and look for the norms of society and life. The rise of "four Books" makes the center of gravity of the Confucian classics shift, and the Neo-Confucianism constructs their Neo-Confucianism system with the help of the "four Books" to combine the Confucian classics with the Neo-Confucianism. In the process of the transformation of Song culture and the formation of Song School, the transformation of literature also constitutes an important part of this transformation. The ideological background of the ancient prose movement on the occasion of celebrating the calendar is the revival movement of Confucianism. The slogan "carrying the Tao in the text" reflects the close relationship between the ancient prose movement and the revival movement of Confucianism. The ancient prose movement thus obtained the decisive victory, the text from the word order, understood Xiao Chang's style of writing to replace the attention to rhetoric, the pursuit of magnificent style of writing; In the field of poetry, it also changed the imitation habits in the early Song Dynasty, formed the principle of Song poetry, emphasized learning, pursued the insipid style, and displayed the unique style of Song poetry.
【学位授予单位】：浙江大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2010
【分类号】：K244;B244

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