安清翘科学思想与科学成就研究

发布时间：2018-04-30 23:35

本文选题：安清翘 + 科学成就　；参考：《山西大学》2012年博士论文

【摘要】：安清翘(1759-1830)是我国清代中叶一位杰出的科学家、科学思想家。在1723-1840年这段第一次和第二次西学东渐相对沉寂的特殊年代,安清翘独自对之前中国科学如数学、天文学和乐律学等许多领域进行综合,并多有创新。譬如,独立于牛顿之外关于岁差成因的认识,对中国古代长达两千年的日月五星左、右旋之争的左旋会通,对十二平均律这一中国古代伟大发明所进行的从等差到等比变换的探源,关于中国历法、西洋历法和回回历法三者关系的透彻看法,对史书历志编纂可立表布算的建议,对历史上历法包括授时历使用“上元”做法的批评,关于浑天说与盖天说关系的见解,以及关于五倍角、五分之一角的三角函数的割圆解,等等；同时,安清翘还是科学思想的革新者。他对空谈性理的程朱理学进行批判,主张“惟是”的科学认识论,提出了“矩”这一超越中国传统“道”和“理”的独特的科学观,并试图以之去为自然界(天地万物)和人类社会(性理道德)立法。从天地万物不逾“矩”的信念出发,安清翘认为科学的使命是“挈矩”,是三晋荀子“制天命而用之”思想的继承和发挥,在中外科学思想史上独树一帜。“矩”的强烈实证和数学化特征,统领着和融贯于其对数学、天文和乐律等的具体科学研究之中。此外,安清翘对甚嚣于有清一代的钦定正统的“西学中源说”首次予以了系统的驳正,认为中学和西学各有优缺点,“西学不必出于中源”,“数无中西,惟其是尔”,即只有对中西之学取长补短,才能实现当年徐光启、李之藻等人“会通以求超胜”的宏伟抱负。可以说,安清翘的科学成就与科学思想是互为支撑、联动促进的。安清翘是晋文化的产物,仕则为官清正、造福一方,隐则讲学授徒、闭门钻研,是清代山西继傅山(1606-1684)之后堪与张敦仁(1754-1834)并驾齐驱的科学家和思想家。同时,安清翘在中国科技史上也占有重要的位置。然而,对于这样一位在科学思想和具体科学两方面均卓有建树的大师,除了我国科学史前辈李俨先生将之列为清代的算学家之列外,多年来安清翘的名字几乎未见于中国科技史的著述之中。可以说,安清翘是一位被中国科技史研究者长期遗忘和忽略的伟大人物。尽管近年来杨小明、李树雪、黄勇、魏屹东、韩琦等个别国内学者开始注意到安清翘、张敦仁等人在中国科技史、科学思想史上的“富矿”价值——这也是高策、杨小明倡导的地域文化与科技发展研究方向结出的果实之一,并作了一些个案式的发掘工作,但还缺乏对安清翘的系统深入的研究,特别是其成就的来龙去脉,以及与其科学思想的互动关系。本论文就是在大量尽可能完整的安清翘原始著述《矩堂语录》、《数学五书》(《矩线原本》、《一线表用》、《推步惟是》、《学算存略》、《乐律心得》)以及《数学指南》等基础上,对其科学思想与科学成就之间的关系进行系统的梳理,并对其科学成就展开全面完整的发掘研究,将之置于中外科技史的纵向和清代科学界的横向的大坐标下,对其科学思想、科学成就的源流、意义和影响进行深入的分析,力图对清代科技史进行一个补充,同时厘清中国科技史上的若干具体疑难问题。本论文开篇是“前言”,旨在介绍安清翘的生平事迹及其时代背景,以及前人关于安清翘的科学成就及其科学思想的研究现状,指出不足与空白之处,以宣示本论文研究的意义；然后是研究方法、技术路线、本论文的创新之处以及今后中长期进一步可能拓展的设想和展望。第一章是“安清翘的科学思想”。对安清翘“矩”科学思想的源流、内涵、价值及影响进行发掘、整理和评介,指出安清翘“矩”的科学观及其“挈矩”的科学方法论在中国科技思想史上具有独特的地位；揭示了安清翘“惟是”的科学认识论,认为它是对宋明理学空谈性理之风的反思与批评以及对清代乾嘉考据学派“实学”风气的应和与超越；阐释了安清翘“西学不必出于中源”、“数无中西,惟其是尔”的中西科技关系观,以及在此基础上形成的因委寻源即从根上做起的科学研究的思路,并分析了这种中西科学关系观以及从原始问题做起的方法论在其“会通超胜”的具体科学探索中的积极作用。第二章是“安清翘的数学研究和成就”。分析了《数学指南》的特色、成就及其与历法(时宪、授时、皇极、三统等历)的关系；归纳、整理了《学算存略》的特色与成就,特别指出其比例、钤算、天元算法的创新之处(从等差数列到等比数列的变换与其对十二平均律的理解的内在关系,分析其天元算法中开高次方带纵法即高次方程的数值解法的特点、优点并与增乘开方法进行比较)；介绍《一线表用》的特色与成就；分析《矩线原本》的特色与成就,特别指出安清翘的割圆术在清代数学家中的地位；将安清翘的数学风格、成就与同时期山西的另外一位数学家张敦仁作简略的比较；最后,分析安清翘的数学研究对其天文学、乐律学的影响。结论是,安清翘继承了《九章算术》的我国优秀数学传统,将学算的递次进步每每与生产生活实际特别是天文历法结合起来,安清翘的数学著作目的在于为人们学习天文历算等知识打下数学的基础。这是安清翘数学工作的一大特点。第三章是“安清翘的天文学研究和成就”。评述和分析了安清翘对历史上包括郭守敬历法使用“上元”做法的批评、对中法、西法和回法三者关系的看法、对史书历志编纂可立表布算的建议；对《数学指南》的特色和成就进行阐解,特别是对其中关于推求孔子出生年月、《诗经》“十月之交,日有食之”、仲康元年的“上往考古”以及所附的历代帝王年表中丰富的夏商周历代帝王年代进行考释,主要将安清翘认定的武王伐纣前1116年之说与之前明黄道周、清黄宗羲、万斯同年表进行比对分析,以期使之成为今天夏商周断代这一中华文明探源工程的有益参考；以岁差、日月五星左旋理论为平台,在前人研究的基础上分析、比较安清翘与同时代女历算家王贞仪的思想及其高下。同时,对郑文光、席泽宗两位前辈基于“文革”的政治大背景而误认为王贞仪“批判儒家的左旋说”(恰恰相反,王贞仪本人正是一位左旋论者)及王贞仪“十分重视理论和实践相结合”(恰恰相反,理论脱离实际,正是左旋论者包括王贞仪的最大缺陷)的说法予以了指正第四章是“安清翘的乐律学研究和成就”。十二平均律是中国古代足以夸耀于世界的伟大发明,但关于其创立的思想基础,如朱载X 十二律等比思想、何以开三次方等问题,迄今国内外学术界还存有不少疑惑和争论。本论文在回顾和总结中国古代乐律思想(“三分损益律”)以及朱载X 本人的乐律思想的风格和特色的基础上,以朱载X 之后一个世纪的清代江永和两个世纪之后的清代安清翘为切入点,旨在对厘清十二平均律创立的思想源流提供富有启发性的思路,即在中国沿袭已久的方圆相函图是朱载X 十二律等比思想产生的思想启发(江永如是说),而从等差级数到等比级数的变换很可能提供了朱载X 处理等比级数特别是关键的何以开三次方的数学方法思路(安清翘理解的思路)；另外,又对安清翘关于十二平均律的纯代数形式的发展及其影响予以了发掘和评析。最后是“结语”。在历史的语境中,对安清翘科学成就及其科学思想的源流、价值及其现代借鉴进行总结性的评价,指出安清翘是中国科技史上被遗忘太久的伟大的科学家、伟大的科学思想家,他不仅如李俨所云足以位列清代重要的中算家之列,而且因岁差成因的发现同时足以位列古今重要的天文学家如虞喜、何承天、祖冲之、张子信、刘焯、一行、郭守敬之列,因对十二平均律的理解及纯代数形式的发展也足以傲立于古今重要乐律学家如京房、何承天、刘焯、朱载X 、江永等行列之中；更重要者,由于安清翘对传统科学思想的综合和创新,以“矩”取代“道”和“理”,对“西学中源”提出批评,提倡“数无中西,惟其是尔”,从而成为古今科学思想的大家,亦堪位列荀况、董仲舒、张衡、沈括、朱熹、黄宗羲等之列。总而言之,安清翘是一个特殊历史阶段——两次西学东渐间断时期的伟大的探索者,是对中国传统科学的许多方面以及中国传统科学思想的综合者和创新者。打碎其历史局限的躯壳,汲取其思想、方法的精髓,对我们今天如何在继承传统和学习西方之间寻求一种必要的张力,从而构建21世纪的社会主义新文化、建设创新型国家、实现中华民族的伟大复兴,都具有一定的现实借鉴意义。
[Abstract]:An outstanding scientist and scientific thinker in the middle of the Qing Dynasty, an outstanding scientist and scientific thinker in the middle of the Qing Dynasty (1759-1830) was a special age in which the first and second Western schools of learning were relatively quiet in the 1723-1840 years. In addition, the understanding of the cause of the cause of the precession of the precession of the two thousand years of China's five stars and the moon, the left turn of the right rotation, the origin of the great inventions of the ancient China from the equal difference to the equivalent transformation of the twelve average law, a thorough view of the relations between the Chinese calendar, the Western calendar and the return calendar, and the history of the history books. To compile a proposal for the calculation of the table cloth, the criticism of the historical calendar including the use of the "upper element" in the time calendar, the views on the relationship between Hun Tian and Katsu, as well as the circular solution of the trigonometric function of the five triangles, the 1/5 angles, and so on; at the same time, he is the innovator of the thought of science. The critique, advocating "only" scientific epistemology, puts forward the unique scientific concept of "moment", which transcends the Chinese traditional "Tao" and "reason", and tries to take it to the legislation of nature (heaven and earth) and human society (sexual ethics). It is the inheritance and use of Xunzi's thought of "making the destiny of heaven" in the three Jin Dynasties. It is unique in the history of Chinese and foreign scientific thought. The strong empirical and mathematical characteristics of "moment" dominate and merge into the concrete scientific research on mathematics, astronomy and music. "Zhong Yuan said" for the first time a system refutation, that both middle school and Western learning have advantages and disadvantages, "Western learning does not need to be from the source", "there is no Chinese and western, but it is", that is, only the study of the Chinese and Western learning to make up for the great ambition of Xu Guangqi, Li Zhizao and others in the same year. And scientific ideas are supported by each other and promoted by linkage.
Anqing is the product of the Jin culture, and he was an official, a benefit party, a teaching apprentice and a close study. It was a scientist and thinker who was in the driving force of Zhang Dunren (1754-1834) after Fu Shan (1606-1684) in the Qing Dynasty. At the same time, Anqing was also an important position in the history of science and technology in China. In addition to the ranks of the predecessors of the history of science, Li Yan, who has been listed as a scholar of the Qing Dynasty, has not been found in the history of science and technology in China for many years, in addition to his predecessor, Mr. Li Yan, the predecessor of the history of Science in our country. In recent years, some domestic scholars, such as Yang Xiaoming, Li Shuxue, Huang Yong, Wei Yidong and Han Qi, have begun to notice the value of "rich" in the history of science and technology and the history of scientific thought in China. This is also one of the fruits of Gao policy and the research direction of regional culture and the development of science and technology. However, there is still a lack of systematic and in-depth research on ANN Qing Qiao, especially its success and its interaction with scientific thinking.
This paper is a systematic review of the relationship between scientific ideas and scientific achievements on the basis of a large number of Complete Writings of the original writing of Anqing anqiao, "five books of mathematics", "five books of mathematics" (< moment line original > "line Table >", "push step only", "learning calculation", "musical temperament") and "mathematical Guide >". The comprehensive and complete excavation study, placed in the vertical and horizontal large coordinates of the Chinese and foreign scientific and technological history and the scientific circle of the Qing Dynasty, makes an in-depth analysis of its scientific ideas, the origin, significance and influence of scientific achievements, trying to make a supplement to the history of science and technology in the Qing Dynasty and clarify some specific and difficult problems in the history of China's scientific and technological history.
The beginning of this paper is "preface", which aims to introduce his life story and its background, as well as the research status of his scientific achievements and scientific ideas, and to point out the shortcomings and gaps in order to show the significance of the research. Then, the research method, the technical route, the innovation of this paper and the future of this paper. Ideas and prospects for further expansion of the medium and long term.
The first chapter is "the scientific thought of Anne Qing". It excavated the origin, connotation, value and influence of the "moment" of the "moment", pointed out that the scientific concept of "moment" and the scientific methodology of "moment" had unique status in the history of science and technology thought in China, and revealed the science of "only". The theory of epistemology believes that it is the reflection and criticism of the style of Neo Confucianism in the song and Ming Dynasties, as well as the need for and Transcendence of the style of "real learning" in the Qianlong and Jiaqing School of Qing Dynasty. On the basis of the thought of scientific research on the root, this paper analyzes the positive role of the concept of the relationship between Chinese and Western science and the methodology starting from the original problem in the concrete scientific exploration of "meeting the victory".
The second chapter is "Ann's mathematical research and achievement". It analyzes the characteristics of the mathematical guide, its achievements and its relationship with the calendar (time constitution, time of time, Emperor pole, three series), and summarizes the characteristics and achievements of the "study calculation", especially the innovation of the Tianyuan algorithm (from the equivalent number to the equivalent series). With the inner relation to the understanding of the twelve average law, the characteristics and advantages of the numerical solution of the high order square, that is, the high order equation, are analyzed in the Tianyuan algorithm, the characteristics and achievements of the "first line" are introduced, and the characteristics and achievements of the original line of the moment line are analyzed, and it is especially pointed out that the cutting circle of an Qing Dynasty is in the Qing Dynasty. The status of mathematicians; a brief comparison of Ann's mathematical style and achievement with another mathematician, Zhang Dunren in Shanxi in the same period. Finally, the influence of Ann's Mathematical Research on his astronomy and music is analyzed. In combination with the actual production and life, especially the astronomical calendar, the aim of Ann's mathematics works is to lay the foundation of Mathematics for people to learn astronomical calendar and other knowledge. This is a major feature of Ann's mathematical work.
The third chapter is "the astronomical research and achievement of an Qing Qiao". It commented and analyzed the criticism on the use of "upper yuan" in the history of Guo Shoujing's calendar, including the views on the relations between the three parties of China, France, the western law and the return law, and the suggestions for the compilation of the historical records, and the characteristics and achievements of the "mathematical Guide >". It is about the introduction of Confucius's year of birth, "the exchange of Book of Songs", "the turn of the October, the daily food", the "up to the archaeology" of the year of Zhong Kang, as well as the rich Xia Shang and Zhou Dynasties' emperors' ages in the annals of the emperors' annals of the emperors, and the statement of Huang Daozhou, Huang Zongxi, and Vance before the emperor of the emperor, who was identified by anqing emperor, before the emperor of Zhou in 1116. The comparison analysis of the same chronology is made in order to make it a useful reference for the Chinese civilization exploration project of today's Xia Shang and Zhou Dynasty. With the precession of the precession and the five star left rotation theory of the sun and the moon as the platform, on the basis of the predecessors' research, the author compares the thinking of Wang Zhenyi and his contemporaries with Wang Zhenyi and Zheng Wenguang. Based on the political background of the "Cultural Revolution", his predecessors mistook Wang Zhenyi's "critique of Confucian leftist" (on the contrary, Wang Zhenyi himself is a leftist) and Wang Zhenyi "attaches great importance to the combination of theory and practice" (on the contrary, the theory is divorced from reality, which is the biggest defect of Wang Zhenyi, including Wang Zhenyi). Correct the correction.
The fourth chapter is "the study and achievement of the music law of an Qing Dynasty". The twelve average law is a great invention which is enough to boast of the world in ancient China. However, there are many puzzles and controversies in the academic circles at home and abroad on the ideological basis of its creation, such as the thought of "Zhu carrying X twelve law", and so far there are many doubts and controversies at home and abroad. On the basis of the style and characteristics of the ancient Chinese musical law ("the law of three points and losses") and Zhu Zai's X himself, the Qing Dynasty after the Qing Dynasty in the Qing Dynasty and the Qing Dynasty after the two centuries after Zhu Zai is the breakthrough point, the aim is to provide an enlightening idea to clarify the ideological origin of the twelve average law, that is, The long - followed square graph in China is an ideological inspiration (Jiang Yongru is said) in Zhu Zai's twelve law of law (Jiang Yongru is said), and the transformation from the equal number to the equivalent series is likely to provide a mathematical way of thinking of how to deal with the equivalent series of X, especially the key, to open the mathematics method (the idea of An Qingqiao's understanding). The development and influence of the pure algebraic form on the twelve average law are explored and evaluated.
Finally, the conclusion is the conclusion. In the historical context, it makes a summary evaluation of the origin, the value and the modern reference of his scientific achievements and its scientific ideas. It is pointed out that he is a great scientist and a great scientific thinker who has been forgotten for too long in the history of Science and technology in China. He is not only like Li just like the cloud in the Qing Dynasty to be an important part of the Qing Dynasty. At the same time, the discovery of the origin of the precession is enough to be an important astronomer such as Yu Xi, He Chengtian, Zu Chong Ji, Zhang Zixin, Liu Zhuo, a line of Guo Shoujing, and the development of the twelve average law of law and the development of the form of pure algebra to be proud of the ancient and modern music experts such as Jing Fang, He Chengtian, Liu Zhuo, Zhu Zai, Jiang Yong. More important, more important, the more important, because of the integration and innovation of the traditional scientific thought by an emperor, he replaced "Tao" and "Li" by "moment", criticized "the source of Western learning", advocated "no Chinese and western, but it is al", and thus became an ancient and modern scientific thought, and was also in the ranks of Xun state, Dong Zhongshu, Zhang Heng, Shen Kuo, Zhu Xi, Huang Zongxi. Wait for a list.
In a word, he is a special historical stage - the great explorer of the two western learning and discontinuous period, the complex and innovator of many aspects of traditional Chinese science and Chinese traditional science. In order to build a new socialist culture in twenty-first Century, to build an innovative country and to realize the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation, it is of certain practical significance to seek a necessary tension between the West and the West.

【学位授予单位】：山西大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：N09;K249

【参考文献】