清代对苗疆地区的法律治理

发布时间：2018-05-01 23:07

本文选题：清朝 + 苗疆　；参考：《吉林大学》2011年硕士论文

【摘要】：在清代众多的民族区域中,苗疆有着明显不同于回、蒙、藏等其它民族地区的特色。基于其重要的地理位置,对该区的有效治理对清代统一多民族国家的最终形成与稳定发挥了重要作用。在众多的治理手段中,法律手段为其他手段发挥作用提供着重要保障,同时众多法律的制定与实施也对清代整个国家法制的建设和完善起到了推动作用。对清代在苗疆地区的法律治理进行研究,可以使我们对清代的民族政策、民族关系有更直观的了解,也有助于我们探索清代治理少数民族的思想,为今天提供借鉴。本文以《清史稿》、《清实录》等史料为基础,对清代在苗疆地区的法律治理,主要是立法层面的治理进行研究。本文分为四大部分。第一部分对与苗疆相关的几个概念和问题进行界定与说明。首先是对苗与苗民、苗疆进行了界定。苗疆地区民族众多,在民族划分不甚明了的时期,该地区少数民族常被统称为“夷”、“蛮”等。至明清虽渐有细致划分,但依然存在将各民族混为一族的情况。因而史料中的“苗”就有泛指该区各族和单指苗族的广、狭义之分,另因苗族本身发展的不平衡,又有“生苗”“熟苗”之别。清代史料中的“苗疆”,有时指云、贵、川、广西南少数民族整个地区,有时仅指狭义上的苗族的聚居区。其次对清代适用于苗疆地区的法律形式做了说明,主要是对官方制定的法律进行了解释,划分。第二部分梳理了清代前期适用于苗疆地区的法律。从以《大清律例》,康、雍、乾三朝的多个章程和禁约为代表的多样的法律形式中分别析出关于行政、民事、刑事各方面的规定。其中,行政法制的规定,涉及土司承袭、地方建制的调整、官员的约束等内容。民事法制的规定内容涉及苗民交往、通婚、贸易等各方面,有些以禁止犯罪的规定的形式出现。刑事法制的内容主要是官员履职不利、苗民各式犯罪的惩罚性规定,也包括了如办案期限在内的部分司法内容。第三部分介绍了以嘉、道两朝为代表的清代后期对苗疆地区的法律治理。以嘉庆朝《钦定吏部则例》,道光朝贵州苗疆的多个禁约及两朝的部分苗疆善后章程为主,并未如第一部分做民事、行政类的划分。内容涉及土官管理、苗汉贸易、营汛屯防等多方面。并对清代在苗疆地区的司法管辖权的归属,以及法律的适用这两大司法方面的问题做了论述。第四部分是关于清代苗疆地区法律治理的特点和评价。主要特点如下：1.形式多样灵活,内容因时因地制宜。法律形式以《大清律例》为根本,适时针对具体情况制定多种章程、禁约、发布上谕等,多种形式有效配合,灵活适用。2.不同地区区别对待。如“生苗”与“熟苗”地区法律适用不同。3.以剿抚并用为指导思想,但实践中更偏重抚恤手段。4.注重维护法制统一,且不断推进苗疆法制内地化。5.前期多有创新,后期力图维稳。清代对苗疆的法律治理为该区创造了相对较好的发展环境,对多民族国家的最终形成与巩固起到了推动作用。制定的各样法律也在清代法制建设中占据了重要位置。
[Abstract]:Among the many ethnic regions in the Qing Dynasty, the Miao area has distinct characteristics from other ethnic areas such as Hui, Mongolia and Tibet. Based on its important geographical position, the effective governance of the area plays an important role in the final formation and stability of the unified multi-ethnic country in the Qing Dynasty. The formulation and implementation of many laws also played an important role in the construction and improvement of the whole country's legal system in the Qing Dynasty. The study of the legal governance in the area of the Qing Dynasty in the Qing Dynasty can make us more intuitive understanding of the national policies and ethnic relations in the Qing Dynasty, and also help us to explore the minority management in the Qing Dynasty. On the basis of the historical materials such as the manuscript of the Qing Dynasty, the Qing Shi Lu and other historical materials, this paper studies the legal governance of the Qing Dynasty in the Miao area, mainly on the legislative level.
This article is divided into four parts. The first part defines and explains several concepts and problems related to Miao nationality. First, the Miao and Miao people are defined. There are many ethnic groups in the Miao area. In the period when the national division is not clear, the minority nationalities in the region are often referred to as "Yi" and "brute". Although the Ming and Qing Dynasties are gradually divided into detail, though the Ming and Qing Dynasties gradually have meticulous division. But there is still a situation of mixing all ethnic groups into one ethnic group. Therefore, the "Miao" in the historical data refers to the broad, narrow sense of the various ethnic groups and the single finger of the Miao Nationality in the area, and the difference between the development of the Miao nationality and the difference of the "Miao" "Miao" in the historical data of the Qing Dynasty. It only refers to the narrow area of the Miao Nationality in the narrow sense. Secondly, it explains the legal forms of the Qing Dynasty which is applicable to the Miao area, mainly explaining and dividing the official law.
The second part combed the law applicable to the Miao area in the early Qing Dynasty. From the various statutes and prohibition of the three dynasties in the Great Qing Dynasty law, Kang, Yong and Qian Dynasty, the regulations on the administrative, civil and criminal aspects were separated. Among them, the administrative legal regulations were related to the Tusi inheritance, the adjustment of local construction system, and the officials. The provisions of the civil legal system involve the communication, marriage, trade and other aspects of the civil legal system. There are some forms of prohibition of crime. The main contents of the criminal law are the unfavourable performance of the officials, the punitive provisions of the various types of crime, and some judicial contents, such as the limit of the period of the case.
The third part introduces the late Qing Dynasty's legal governance of Miao and Jiang regions, represented by Jia, Dao and two dynasties.
Taking the Jiaqing Dynasty to "the official Ministry of the Qing Dynasty", Daoguang was given priority to a number of prohibition in Guizhou Miao area and the constitution of a part of the Miao Xinjiang in the Miao Xinjiang. It was not as the first part of the civil and administrative division. The content involved the management of the soil officials, the Miao and Han trade, the flood control and other aspects, and the jurisdiction of the Qing Dynasty in the Miao area, and the legal suitability. The two major judicial issues were discussed.
The fourth part is about the characteristics and evaluation of the legal governance of the Miao area in the Qing Dynasty. The main characteristics are as follows: 1. forms are flexible and the content is suitable to local conditions. The legal form is based on the law of the Great Qing Dynasty. The legal form is based on the law of the Great Qing Dynasty. It is timely to formulate a variety of articles of association, prohibit the contract, publish the ensuing and so on, effectively cooperate in various forms, and flexibly apply the different areas of.2. Don't treat it. For example, the legal application of "Sheng Miao" and "familiar Miao" area is different.3. in order to suppress and use it as a guiding ideology. But in practice,.4. pays more attention to the maintenance of the unification of the legal system, and constantly advances many innovations in the early period of the mainland of the Miao area, and tries to maintain the stability in the late period of.5.. The legal governance of the Miao Xinjiang in the Qing Dynasty created a relatively good place in this area. The development environment has played an important role in promoting the final formation and consolidation of the multi-ethnic country. The various laws formulated have also played an important role in the construction of the legal system in the Qing Dynasty.

【学位授予单位】：吉林大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：K249

【参考文献】