唐代长安商业管理研究

发布时间：2018-05-13 07:54

本文选题：唐都长安 + 市场　；参考：《陕西师范大学》2012年硕士论文

【摘要】：唐都长安是国际化大都市。由于人口众多,对商品的需求量很大,故商业成为长安经济生活的重要内容。本文拟在前人研究的基础上,系统探讨唐都长安的商业管理问题,通过对长安城市场管理、商品管理、商人管理,来重新认识唐都长安的商业。全文共分为五个部分。第一部分是绪论。在回顾学术史的基础上,分析前人在长安商业研究方面所取得的成就及存在的不足,并介绍本文选题的目的、意义和研究方法。第二部分论唐长安的市场管理。唐长安城的市场管理体系由市场的规划与营建,城市市场官吏设置,市场秩序和市容管理制度三个方面构成。唐政府在汲取前代市场管理经验的基础上,构建了与唐代经济社会相适应的市场管理体制即坊市制市场管理体制。这种坊市体制在唐前期空前完善,但在唐中后期逐渐被打破。相对而言,其坊市制度被打破的程度要小于其他大中城市。第三部分论唐长安城商品管理。唐政府对商品的管理,主要是通过法律手段,对商品的质量、商品的物价、特殊商品交易过程以及作为特殊商品的货币管理进行了严格的规范,从相关法律规范可以看出唐政府对商品的管理已经深入到商品的生产、流通等各环节。唐代处于实物货币和金属货币并行的时期,唐人称之为“钱帛兼行”,而随着商业的发展这种货币体制不断地受到冲击,主要表现在两个方面：一是绢帛日益受到排挤。二是私铸铜钱严重。所以唐政府对特殊商品货币的管理,也主要是围绕这两个问题展开。第四部分论唐长安城商人管理。主要从市籍制和商税两个角度论述了唐代政府对商人管理政策。唐代的市籍制处于衰落时期,它和坊市制体制的衰落是一致的,由此商人多多少少地摆脱了市籍制带来的身份上的耻辱。本文对唐政府的三种“征商”进行了区分,一是唐代商人作为封建国家臣民,应缴纳的税收。二是商人在从事商品交换时对他们所征之税,可以说这才是真正意义上的商税。三是对商人的超经济剥削所征之税,对三者的区分,对正确认识唐代商品经济的发展有重要意义。唐政府对特殊商人——胡商在华经商的管理政策,主要是胡商在华经商必须通过“公验”和“过所”,此外胡商在华经商受到优待,享有政治、经济、法律等方面的权益。第五部分论唐代商业管理的优点与不足。总的来说,一方面,唐代长安城商业管理,维护了市场经济所必须的秩序,极大的促进了社会经济的发展。但另一方面,商业管理也阻碍了商业的发展,商业管理总体上表现出政治权力对商品交易的严密控制,商人因此处处受到限制,商业交易的自由度也大为降低,市场活动被政治扭曲,因此不可能真正的促进商业的发展。
[Abstract]:Tang du Changan is an international metropolis. Because of the large population and great demand for commodities, commerce has become an important part of economic life in Changan. On the basis of the previous studies, this paper systematically discusses the commercial management of Changan, through the market management, commodity management, merchant management, to re-understand the business of Changan Tang du. The full text is divided into five parts. The first part is the introduction. On the basis of reviewing the academic history, this paper analyzes the achievements and shortcomings of the forefathers in the commercial research of Changan, and introduces the purpose, significance and research methods of this topic. The second part discusses the market management of Tang Changan. The market management system of Tang Chang'an city consists of three aspects: market planning and construction, city market officials setting up, market order and city appearance management system. On the basis of absorbing the market management experience of the previous generation, the Tang government constructed the market management system which was adapted to the economy and society of the Tang Dynasty, that is, the market management system of the Fang market system. This market system in the early Tang Dynasty unprecedented perfect, but in the late Tang Dynasty was gradually broken. Relatively speaking, its market system is broken to a lesser extent than other large and medium-sized cities. The third part discusses the commodity management of Changan City in Tang Dynasty. The management of commodities by the Tang government was strictly regulated by legal means, such as the quality of commodities, the price of commodities, the process of dealing in special commodities and the monetary management as special commodities. It can be seen from the relevant laws and regulations that the management of commodities by the Tang government has penetrated into the production and circulation of commodities and so on. The Tang Dynasty was in the parallel period of real money and metal currency, which the Tang people called "money and silk", but with the development of commerce, the monetary system was constantly impacted, mainly in two aspects: first, silk was increasingly excluded. Second, private casting of copper money is serious. Therefore, the Tang government's management of special commodity currency, mainly around these two issues. The fourth part discusses the business management of Tang Chang'an City. This paper mainly discusses the management policy of the Tang Dynasty government to the businessman from the two angles of the city register system and the commercial tax. The city register system in the Tang Dynasty was in the decline period, which was consistent with the decline of the Fang market system, so the merchants more or less got rid of the identity shame brought about by the market register system. This paper distinguishes the three kinds of "levy merchants" of the Tang government. One is the tax revenue that the merchants of Tang Dynasty should pay as subjects of the feudal state. The other is the tax that merchants impose on them when they are engaged in commodity exchange, which can be said to be the real commercial tax. Third, the tax levied on the super economic exploitation of merchants and the distinction among the three are of great significance to the correct understanding of the development of the commodity economy in the Tang Dynasty. The management policy of the Tang government to the special businessman-Hu merchant doing business in China is mainly that the Hu merchant must pass "public inspection" and "get over the place" in order to do business in China, in addition, Hu merchant is given preferential treatment to do business in China and enjoys political, economic, legal and other rights and interests. The fifth part discusses the advantages and disadvantages of commercial management in Tang Dynasty. In general, on the one hand, the commercial management of Changan City in Tang Dynasty maintained the necessary order of market economy and greatly promoted the development of social economy. But on the other hand, commercial management also hindered the development of commerce. In general, commercial management showed the tight control of political power over the trading of commodities. As a result, businessmen were restricted everywhere, and the freedom of commercial transactions was greatly reduced. Market activity is distorted by politics, so it is impossible to really promote the development of business.
【学位授予单位】：陕西师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：K242;F729

【参考文献】