北魏国家物质赏赐考略

发布时间：2018-05-30 02:41

本文选题：北魏 + 国家　；参考：《吉林大学》2012年硕士论文

【摘要】：赏赐即是予其有功也，是中国古代社会中具有至高无上权力与尊严的统治者所给予臣民的奖励、施予。赏赐是北魏政治制度的重要组成部分，几乎各重大历史事件均伴随着赏赐行为。本文试图通过对北魏国家物质赏赐的对象、物品种类、原因、特点的系统考察，揭示物质赏赐对北魏社会的影响，现依照行文顺序对本文的主要内容和论点概述如下。第一章前言部分，主要阐述选题的意义及其研究价值，然后从通论性研究和专题研究两个方面，对与本文相关的先行研究成果予以回顾和总结，在此基础上揭示出本文尚待解决的问题，并阐述文章的研究方法和写作思路。第二章是全文研究的前提，即说明了北魏国家赏赐对象的基本构成情况。首先对统治阶级上层进行考察，宗室及外戚由于特殊的亲属关系，受赏物品乃至频率最高；其他为官者则或因战功、政绩突出、参与政令策划、好诤谏、德行高、受宠信、致仕、去世等受到国家赏赐。其次是对普通民众阶层受赏情况的论述，主要集中在年长者、孝悌、力田、廉夫、节妇、百工伎巧等的赏赐。最后，是来自于其他少数民族、政权的归降者的赏赐。赏赐对象几乎涵盖社会各个领域，体现了统治者借助物质赏赐行为维护政权统治的用意。第三章探讨了物质赏赐的具体物品种类。将其分为五类：一是农畜产品，主要包括粟、米、麦等谷物和马、牛、羊等畜产品；二是手工业品，主要包括纺织品、成衣服饰、珍玩等奢侈品、乐器、兵器、行具、丧葬用品等；三是钱财；四是不动产；五是人口。其中北魏前期赏赐以第一类农畜产品为主，北魏后期则更多使用第二类手工业品作为赏赐物品主要内容。第四章主要论述北魏施行国家物质赏赐的原因。首先赏赐行为受到拓跋鲜卑历史传统影响；其次北魏国家施行物质赏赐，一是为了以物质财富激励战士取得战争胜利；二是为北魏政权延揽统治人才；三是在北魏前期百官无禄时期解决官员的基本生计；四是为了发挥赏赐行为的示范性，起到劝善的作用；五是国家重大喜庆之际布施恩泽，以示亲善臣民。国家施行物质赏赐最核心的原因就是更好地维护北魏政权的长治久安。第五章讨论国家物质赏赐的特点。因孝文帝时期施行的俸禄制对国家物质赏赐有较深影响，故本章以孝文帝即位为界，依据现有材料对北魏前、后两段时期进行比较分析。北魏前期的物质赏赐主要是大规模地对战争掳获物的瓜分，时间上具有随意性，受赐对象中立战功者居多，并且根据“各有差”的原则进行。北魏后期的物质赏赐中，战后班赐明显减少，赏赐对象多元化，，赏赐物品种类多样化，并且更多倾向于手工业品。国家施行赏赐虽属政治行为，但其必以经济为基础，所以物质赏赐往往是对当时社会经济的状况的一种折射。第六章主要辩证分析北魏国家物质赏赐对社会产生的影响，同样分为北魏前期、后期两时间段进行考察。北魏前期国家物质赏赐，政治上对于战争胜利具有推动意义，经济上解决中央官员基本生活，外交上加强与其他少数民族的联系；但由于赏赐制度本身具有的局限性，使其在施行过程中并不能完全取代俸禄制度。北魏后期，太和八年（484年）颁行俸禄制，物质赏赐政治上更有利于网罗统治人才，传播尊老、敬老等道德理念；外交上有利于羁縻周边政权，维护自身统治。然而北魏后期物质赏赐出现滥赏现象，增加国家财政开支，助长了统治阶级奢侈之风，使贫富差距加大，加速了北魏政权的衰亡。
[Abstract]:It is an important part of the political system of the Northern Wei Dynasty . It is an important part of the political system of the Northern Wei Dynasty , and almost every major historical event is accompanied by reward . This article tries to reveal the influence of the reward of material on the society of the Northern Wei Dynasty . The main contents and arguments of this article are summarized as follows .

The first chapter introduces the significance of the topic and the value of its research , then reviews and summarizes the previous research results related to this article from the aspects of general theory research and thematic research , and then reveals the problems to be solved in this paper , and expounds the research methods and writing thoughts of the article .

The second chapter is the premise of the study of the whole text , that is , the basic constitution of the Northern Wei state reward object is explained . First , the upper layer of the ruling class is examined , the clan and the outside Qi are the highest in the special kinship , the reward items and even the frequency ;
Other officials , or because of war work , outstanding achievements , participating in the planning of government affairs , good remonstrance , virtue line height , reception of favor , Shi Shi , death and so on have been rewarded by the state . Second , it is the reward of the elderly , the filial piety , the power field , the Lianfu , the women ' s wife , the kabuki and the like . Finally , it is from other ethnic minorities , the political power of the returnees . The reward object almost covers all areas of the society , reflects the ruler ' s intention to maintain the regime rule with the aid of material reward .

The third chapter discusses the kinds of specific items of material reward . It is divided into five categories : one is agricultural and animal products , mainly including millet , rice , wheat and other livestock products such as millet , rice , wheat , etc . ;
The second is the hand industrial products , mainly including textiles , clothing , rare and other luxury goods , musical instruments , weapons , implements , funeral products , etc . ;
Third , money ;
Fourth , real estate ;
The fifth is the population , in which the first type of agricultural and animal products are mainly used in the early stage of the Northern Wei Dynasty , and the second type of industrial products are used as the main contents of the reward items in the later stage of the Northern Wei Wei Dynasty .

The fourth chapter mainly discusses the reasons for the implementation of the national material reward in the Northern Wei Dynasty . First of all , the reward behavior is influenced by the historical tradition of the pioneer and postscript .
Secondly , in order to motivate the soldiers to win the war with material wealth ;
The second is to extend the ruling talents for the Northern Wei regime ;
The third is to solve the basic livelihood of the official in the early period of the Northern Wei Dynasty ;
Fourth , in order to play an exemplary role in reward behavior , it plays a role in persuading good ;
The fifth is the nation ' s major festival , which is to show goodwill to the people . The most important reason for the State to implement the material reward is to safeguard the long - term stability of the Northern Wei regime better .

Chapter 5 discusses the characteristics of the state material appreciation . Because the salary system of the period of filial piety has a profound influence on the national material appreciation , this chapter makes a comparative analysis on the period of the former and the last two stages of the Northern Wei Dynasty based on the present material . In the later stage of the Northern Wei Dynasty , the reward of the material is greatly reduced , the reward object is diversified , the varieties of the reward items are diversified , and more inclined to the hand industrial products . The state administration reward is a political act , but it is based on the economy . Therefore , the reward of the material is often a refraction to the social economy at that time .

The sixth chapter mainly analyzes the influence of the national material appreciation of the Northern Wei Dynasty on the society , which is also divided into two periods : the early stage of the Northern Wei Dynasty and the later period of the later period . The national material reward in the early stage of the Northern Wei Dynasty is of great significance to the victory of the war , and the economic settlement of the basic life of the central official and the strengthening of the diplomatic relations with other minorities ;
However , because of the limitation of the reward system itself , it can not completely replace the salary system in the course of implementation . In the later stage of the Northern Wei Dynasty , in the later stage of the Northern Wei Dynasty , the salary system was promulgated in Taihe and eight years ( 484 ) .
Diplomatic protection is conducive to the detention of the surrounding regime and the maintenance of its own rule . However , in the later stage of the Northern Wei Dynasty , the phenomenon of excessive reward , the increase of the State ' s financial expenditure , helped the ruling class ' s luxury , widen the gap between the rich and the poor , and accelerate the decline of the Northern Wei regime .
【学位授予单位】：吉林大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：K239.21

【参考文献】