具题与折奏之间:从“改题为奏”看清代奏折制度的发展

发布时间：2018-06-06 01:06

  本文选题：清代 + 题本　； 参考：《四川大学学报(哲学社会科学版)》2017年02期

【摘要】：清代公文书初沿明制,分题本与奏本二种。地方大小公事用题本,个人私事则用奏本;前者用印,后者不用印。康熙皇帝为了广耳目,防泄密,要求特定官员就所见所闻,亲自缮折,差人送至宫中,经其批阅后,发还当事人。这是康熙在正式公文书外,与亲信间另辟的通讯管道。这种君臣间的私人通讯在雍正朝不仅持续进行,甚而盛大发展。雍正皇帝不但扩大了折奏官员的范围,而且订定规章,确立自缮折、传递、批阅、发还、缴回的程序,清代的奏折制度自此成形。乾隆十三年,以"同一入告,何必分别名色"为由,废除奏本。题本与奏折成为地方与中央的沟通管道,地方例行公事以题本上报,重大事件则折奏以闻,直达天听;这种君臣间公私文书并行的现象一直延续到清末,成就了清代特有的文书制度。光绪二十七年八月十五日,以"整顿庶务,诸事务去浮文"为名,谕令所有具题之件全数"改题为奏"。此一谕令结束了题本二百多年来担当上下沟通的公文书任务,而改由奏折单独承担。不过,光绪二十七年的废题本不是改题为奏的开始,而是改题为奏的结束。乾隆朝以后,经由改题为奏的提出,奏折不再只是统治者与臣僚间的私人通信,而是与题本一样具有公文书的性质。我们今日所认知的例行公事用题本,重要公事用奏折,其实是这个改题为奏过程的结果。
[Abstract]:At the beginning of Qing Dynasty official documents were written along Ming Dynasty, which were divided into two kinds: questions and instruments. The local official business uses the title book, the personal affairs uses the piano book; the former uses the print, the latter does not use the print. Emperor Kangxi, in order to open his eyes and prevent leaks, asked certain officials to take notes of what they had seen and heard, send them to the palace, and send them back to the party concerned after their approval. This is a separate communication channel between Kangxi and his cronies outside the official document. This kind of private communication between monarch and minister not only continued in Yongzheng Dynasty, but also developed grandly. Emperor Yongzheng not only expanded the scope of officials, but also made regulations to establish the procedures of self-folding, transmission, approval, return and surrender. Qianlong thirteen years, to "the same into the complaint, why separate the name of the color" for the abolition of the text. The question book and the transcripts become the communication channels between the local authorities and the central authorities. The local authorities routinely report to the local authorities with the questions, while the major events are written down to hear and hear directly to the sky. This phenomenon of parallel public and private documents between the monarch and the ministers continued until the end of the Qing Dynasty. The achievement of the Qing Dynasty unique system of documents. Guang Xu on August 15, 27, under the name of "to clean up the common affairs, all affairs to float," the oracle ordered all the questions to be "changed to play." The oracle ended over two hundred years with the task of communicating documents, instead of the notes. However, Guang Xu's 27-year quizzes are not the beginning of the recital, but the end of the play. After the Qianlong Dynasty, by changing the title to play, the notes were no longer just private correspondence between rulers and officials, but also had the nature of official documents. What we know today as routine and important official notes is actually the result of the process of changing the title.
【作者单位】： (台北)中研院历史语言研究所;
【分类号】：K249
，

本文编号：1984282