孔广森《春秋》学研究

发布时间：2018-06-18 15:54

本文选题：孔广森 + 公羊通义　；参考：《复旦大学》2013年博士论文

【摘要】：孔广森是乾隆时期著名的汉学家,他所著《公羊通义》一书是清代第一部问世的公羊学著作。围绕《公羊通义》展开的学术争论迄今纷纭不已,莫衷一是,赞赏者推之为专家通学,批评者斥之不守公羊家法。他的人生经历也非常耐人寻味,少年进士,官居翰林,却仕情淡泊,究心学术。由于他中年不幸遭遇家庭变故而早逝,后世留下关于他的生平资料并不多见。关于他的师承渊源、经学思想,以及他选择远离政治的隐情为何,诸种问题都充满了疑窦。本文首先从勾稽孔广森身世经历的具体情实出发,考证他的学术渊源和师承背景,发现他的经学主要受到三个方面的影响：一是博雅的家学传统,二是转益多师的学习经历,三是与四库馆臣的广泛交游。这使得他的研究方法和路径以尊崇汉学,注重师法为中心,同时兼采汉宋、会通众说。再说当时的《春秋》学虽然呈现出一片以《左传》为主,偏于考据训诂的局面,但是学者对公羊学的研究已经开始萌芽,完全可资借鉴。最后考察孔广森作为圣裔,身居翰林侍从之位所感受到的政治文化的氛围,其实是非常专制,极端高压的状况。孔广森由于个性耿介,不满当时苛酷的统治,故而选择归隐,采用著述的方式表达不为皇权所用、不与逢迎君主者同流合污的态度。因此,学术渊源和《春秋》学研究现状为孔广森提供学识和方法上的准备,社会政治状况则是促使他撰写《公羊通义》的直接原因。《公羊通义》的经学思想包括“通学”内涵和政治“微言”两个方面。第一,他在兼顾义例,遵守汉代师法、兼采汉宋学术的基础上,建立上奉天道、中用王法、下顺人情的三科体系,着重沟通天人之际。第二,在不触犯文字禁忌的前提下,孔广森通过保留义例的方式最大限度地维护了公羊师法,发表自己对于“王鲁”说、“华夷之辨”、“三世”说这些敏感话题的真实看法。总之,《公羊通义》完整传达祖述孔子的素王之志,恢复久被遗忘的制作之法,阐发《孟子》的义理之学的学术宗旨,并借此含蓄地反映自己希望澄清政治的诉求。站在清代《春秋》学的发展轨迹来看,孔广森的《公羊通义》对清代公羊学的发展具有奠基之功。他第一次尝试恢复汉代公羊师法,以属辞比事的方式建立一整套义例的体系,并尽可能地保留董仲舒、何休等公羊先师所阐述的孔子制作《春秋》的根本宗旨,这在清代颇具开创意义。而且孔广森的《春秋》学确实启发了继起者刘逢禄、陈立等。当然,由于乾隆时代统治者的严格控制,《公羊通义》无法突破官方的限制从正面论述何休“三科九旨”的内涵,更不能传递出变革政治的信息。将《公羊通义》和庄存与、刘逢禄、陈立所写的题材类似、时代不同的《春秋》学著作相较,政局的变动对学术发生的影响作用凸显出来,让我们更加理解孔广森的思想局限性。而《公羊通义》问世之后得到的各类评议,方面呈现清代学术史上汉学、宋学的起伏消长,另一方面揭示出政治革新运动逐渐成为不可逆转的潮流,公羊学从学术领域的研究演变成为议政的工具,这也从一个更广阔的视野反映学术和政治的关系剪不断、理还乱。综上所述,孔广森作为乾嘉学者的一员,在高压政治之下仍然坚持着独立不倚的学术立场,是难能可贵的。
[Abstract]:Kong Guangsen is a famous sinologist in the period of Qian Long. His book "Tongyi" is the first published work of the goats in the Qing Dynasty. The academic debate around the "Tongyi" has been disagreed, and the admirers have been taught to learn from experts, and critics dismiss the law of public sheep. His life experience is also very thought-provoking. Gunny, the scholar and the official, was indifferent and academic. Because of his misfortune in his middle age and his early death, the later generations left little information about his life. On the basis of the specific facts of the calendar, this paper examines his academic origin and his background, and finds that his Confucian classics are mainly influenced by three aspects: the first is the Boya's family tradition, the two is the learning experience of the many teachers, and the three is the extensive intercourse with the four library officials, which makes his research methods and ways to respect the Han and pay attention to the teacher's law as the center. In addition to the Han and Song Dynasties, the "spring and Autumn" study of the time showed a situation that was based on "Zuo Zhuan", which was biased in textual criticism, but the scholar's research on the school of goats was beginning to germinate and can be used for reference. At last, the atmosphere of political culture felt by Kong Guangsen as a saint and in the position of the Hanlin attendant was in fact not Kong Guangsen, who was often despotic and extremely high pressure, had chosen to be reclusive because of his strong personality and dissatisfaction with the harsh rule of the time. He used the way of writing to express his attitude not to be used for imperial power and to be unclean with the unwelcome monarchs. Therefore, the academic origin and the status of the study of "spring and Autumn" study provided Kong Guangsen with knowledge and methods, and social politics. The situation is the direct cause that prompted him to write "the common righteousness of the goats". The Confucian School of Confucian classics includes two aspects of "general learning" and political "micro words". First, on the basis of taking into account the examples of righteousness, observing the Han Dynasty teacher's law and taking the Han and song academics, he established a three family system of heaven, the use of Wang and the following human feelings. On the occasion of the second, under the premise that no taboos were violated, Kong Guangsen maintained the law of Gong Yang to the greatest extent by preserving the examples, and published his true views on the "Wang Lu", "the discrimination of Hua Yi", "the third world" and the true views of these sensitive topics. The forgetting method of making, elucidates the academic tenet of Mencius's theory of righteousness and reflects his desire to clarify the politics of the Qing Dynasty. The system set up a complete set of examples, and as far as possible to retain Dong Zhongshu, he Hugh and so on, and so on. Confucius made the fundamental purpose of the spring and Autumn period, which was of great significance in the Qing Dynasty. Moreover, he did inspire the successor Liu Fenglu, Chen Li and so on. Of course, the strict control of the rulers of the Emperor Qianlong, < It is impossible to break through the official limits and discuss the connotation of the "nine subjects" of "three families" from the front. It can not convey the information of the political change. It is similar to the subject matter written by the "Gong Yang" and Zhuang Cun, Liu Fenglu, Chen Li, and the different works of the spring and Autumn period. We have more understanding of the limitations of Kong Guangsen's thought, and all kinds of comments obtained after the introduction of the common righteousness of the goats show that the academic history of the Qing Dynasty is Sinology and the fluctuation and decline of the Song Dynasty. On the other hand, the political innovation movement has gradually become an irreversible trend, and the study of public sheep has evolved from the academic field to the tool of political affairs. As a member of the scholars of Qianlong and Jia, Kong Guangsen, as a member of the scholars of Qianlong and Jia, still persists in the academic standpoint of independence and independence under the high pressure of politics.
【学位授予单位】：复旦大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：K225.04

【参考文献】