明代西安府城市经济研究

发布时间：2018-06-20 22:46

本文选题：明朝 + 西安府　；参考：《陕西师范大学》2013年硕士论文

【摘要】：在明代,西安是陕西布政司的省会和西安府的治所,既是全省的政治中心,也是西北地区的军事中心、文化中心和经济中心。在明代,西安这种传统的政治军事重镇因为其特殊的地位而得到充分的发展。这主要表现在西安府已经成为西北地区的经济和文化中心,对周边地区具有一定的辐射作用。本文中所说的西安府,即明代西安府,领州六,县三十一,远超过现在西安市的辖区面积。在中国古代,衡量一个时期或地区区域经济的发展水平,基本上从人口、农业、手工业和商业这四个方面来进行研究分析。一般来说,在古代,人口状况一直是影响一个地区社会经济发展的关键性因素。从某种程度上说,人口甚至可以看成是一个地区社会经济兴衰的晴雨表。正是人口增长,对古代世界经济实绩的评估才真正开始。在农业方面,一般从耕地面积、水利事业、粮食产量和经济作物的种植四个方面进行综合分析。区域农业的发展,使得西安府地区手工业得到了一定程度的发展。西安府的手工业和江南发达地区的手工业相比,比较落后,基本上不能满足关中地区人民生产生活的需要,许多生产资料和生活必需品必须从外地运进来。在商业贸易方面,西安府地区的商业贸易得到了长足的发展,以泾阳和三原为代表。通过对西安府地区人口、农业、手工业和商业发展的研究,有助于我们更加全面地认识明代西安府地区的府区域经济发展的程度。明代西安府区域经济的发展,人口因素是一个很重要的因素。明朝万历以前,西安府地区人口是呈现持续增长的态势,增长的原因包括：明初实行“休养生息”政策,社会比较安定,生产生活水平不断提高,必然会导致人口不断增长；山西地区移民的充斥,使得西安府地区的劳动力增加,补充了因为战乱而丧失的人口。而万历以后,人口不断持续下降,一个主要原因就是战乱频繁,再加上自然灾害的频繁发生,地震的影响,使得西安府地区人口不断下降。明代西安府区域经济的发展,农业发展是另一个方面。由于社会比较安定,劳动力的增加,宏观政策有利于农业发展,可耕地面积不断扩大(万历以前),随着水利事业的发展,农田灌溉面积也有所增加,对于农业增产有极大促进作用,西安府地区的粮食产量在全国粮食产量比较高,这可以通过税粮得出。明初,为了努力恢复农业生产,颁布了一系列有利于经济作物种植的政策(如强制农民种植桑、麻、布等),有利于促进农业生产的恢复和发展。在明代,由于农业的发展,为西安府地区手工业的发展提供了大量的原材料。特别是一些手工业,在全国来说,都比较出名。比如富平县的石雕手工业,是当时碑刻业的制作中心。在铁器制造方面,华州(今陕西华县)的柳子镇是天下闻名的铁器制作中心,无论是质量还是精美程度,都是冠绝天下,为时人所称赞。但是,西安府地区的手工业不能完全满足关中地区人民的生产生活所需,许多生产资料和生活必需品必须从外地运进来,严重落后于同时代的江南发达地区的手工业。在西安府的商业贸易方面,以三原县和泾阳县最为有名。由于“食盐开中”和“茶马贸易”政策的推行,陕西商帮迅速崛起,对于西安府地区的商业贸易,有极大的促进作用。很多三原商人通过食盐贩运来获取利润发家致富,而泾阳商人则很多从事茶叶贸易,泾阳县则是茶叶加工基地。明代西安府区域经济发展水平,就全国而言,比较落后。特别是手工业和商业。虽然陕西商帮在全国比较有名,过境贸易比较活跃,但是并不能真实反映西安府地区府区域经济发展水平。
[Abstract]:In the Ming Dynasty , Xi ' an is the provincial capital of Shaanxi and Xi ' an Prefecture , not only the political center of the province , but also the military center , cultural center and economic center in the northwest region . In the Ming Dynasty , Xi ' an ' s traditional political military heavy town has been fully developed because of its special status . This is mainly manifested in Xi ' an Prefecture , which has become the economic and cultural center in the northwest region , and has certain radiation effect on the surrounding area .

In ancient China , the development level of economic development in a period or region is measured . Generally speaking , in the ancient times , the population status has been a key factor affecting the social and economic development of a region .

With the development of regional economy in Xi ' an , Ming Dynasty , population factor is an important factor . Before Ming Dynasty , the population in Xi ' an Prefecture was the trend of sustained growth . The reasons of growth include : the policy of " rest and interest " in the early Ming Dynasty , social stability and the rising production and living standards , which inevitably lead to the growing population ;
The flood of immigrants in the Shanxi region has increased the labor force in Xi ' an Prefecture and supplemented the population lost because of the war . After the Wanli , the population continues to decline . One of the main reasons is that the war is frequent , and the frequent occurrence of natural disasters and the impact of the earthquake have made the population of Xi ' an Prefecture declining .

The development of regional economy in Xi ' an Prefecture in Ming Dynasty is another aspect . Because of the social stability and the increase of labor force , the macro - policy is beneficial to the development of agriculture . With the development of water conservancy undertakings , the area of agricultural field irrigation has increased . With the development of water conservancy undertakings , the grain output of Xi ' an Prefecture has been increased . In order to restore agricultural production , it has promulgated a series of policies that favor the planting of economic crops ( such as forced farmers to plant mulberry , hemp , cloth , etc . ) , which is conducive to the recovery and development of agricultural production .

In Ming Dynasty , because of the development of agriculture , a great deal of raw materials were provided for the development of the handicraft industry in Xi ' an Prefecture . In particular , some handicraft industries were well known throughout the country . For example , the stone carving handicraft industry in Fuping County was the manufacturing center of the inscriptions . However , the handicraft industry in the city of Xi ' an Prefecture was not completely satisfied with the production and life of the people in the Central China . However , the handicraft industry in Xi ' an Prefecture must be transported in from the field and seriously lagged behind the handicraft industry in the developed areas of the same era .

In the aspect of commercial trade in Xi ' an Prefecture , it is the most famous in Sanyuan county and Jingyang county . Because of the implementation of " salt - opening " and " tea - horse trade " policy , Shaanxi commercial bank has been rising rapidly , and has great promotion effect on the commercial trade in Xi ' an Prefecture . Many Sanyuan traders have made profits from salt trafficking , while Jing Yang businessman is many engaged in tea trade , Jing Yang county is the tea processing base .

The economic development level of Xi ' an Prefecture in Ming Dynasty is relatively backward in the whole country . Especially in the handicraft industry and commerce , although Shaanxi businessmen are more famous in the country , the transit trade is more active , but it cannot truly reflect the level of regional economic development in Xi ' an Prefecture .
【学位授予单位】：陕西师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：K248;F129

【参考文献】