南宋临安火灾研究
发布时间：2018-07-16 22:51
【摘要】：两宋在中国历史上火灾不断,特别是临安作为南宋皇帝的“行在”,是南宋经济文化中心。火灾发生次数之多,影响之大甚为惊人,据统计临安发生火灾的次数记载多达90余次,其发生次数多,影响大,烧毁数万家甚至数几十万家、延烧数百里等的特别重大火灾达10余次,烧毁数千家、延烧数里的重大火灾达30次左右,火灾时间往往持续整晚甚至延烧几日,有的火灾几乎烧毁全城,对此南宋当时人们对火灾“谈火色变”。笔者竭尽所能搜集了历史上有关南宋临安火灾的记载,试图深入研究南宋临安火灾。本文拟分四个部分论析南宋临安火灾及相关问题。第一部分是南宋临安火灾概述,分析火的双向功能与“火灾”之间的关系,完整介绍古籍中第一次有临安火灾记载以来的临安火灾的概况,详细展现出临安火灾的具体情况。第二部分是南宋临安火灾的致灾观及致灾原因。人们对火灾的认识对其防火救灾的行为形成一定的指导作用,分析南宋临安火灾的致灾观即阴阳五行说和灾害天谴说,这可以反映出当时对火灾致灾认识的观念对防火救灾的指导作用,同时从自然环境中的致灾因素、社会环境中的致灾因素及其他致灾的人为因素三个方面全面客观地分析南宋临安火灾发生的原因,自然环境包括地理位置、气候条件,社会环境包括建筑稠密,达不到建筑之间防火的需求,而且建筑材料又以木结构为主甚至临安多“席屋”、用火普遍与用火不慎、宗教事务频繁即奉佛兴盛和道观用火隐患大、夜市繁荣即黑夜如白昼,这些种种因素的结合导致了南宋临安火灾的频发;而节日用火、战争、个人放火等皆南宋临安火灾的偶发因素。第三部分是南宋临安应对火灾的意识与举措。火灾作为人类所要应对的灾害之一,既需要采取防御措施,又需要灾后的救助。灾前设置完善的管理机构、加强临安消防基础设施建设、增强临安城市的防火能力;灾中采取灵活有效的救火战术;灾后通过皇帝以身作则恤灾、免税、支给钱米存恤等措施进行救助,另外重视民间的力量,如富民、商人的力量是对政府救灾措施的补充。政府救灾的举措、民间的救灾行为对灾后的重建创造了条件,也有利于我们了解当时南宋临安的防火救灾的能力和智慧,完善和补充目前对南宋临安火灾的深入研究地缺乏。第四部分是南宋临安火灾的影响。从南宋临安防火救灾认识与举措的突破和消极影响客观的作出分析。防火救灾认识与举措的突破即对火灾扑救方法认识深刻、救灾力量的社会化、消防的专业化程度更高,但同时也有一定的局限性,南宋临安火灾使当世人以及后世人都产生了恐惧的心理,通过宋元时期的话本小说直到明清时代,都在不断的流传,深深地遗留在人们的文化记忆之中,另外,南宋临安针对火灾多发的情况,虽然明确了救火官员的责任,并且有奖有罚,但是也避免不了因为官员或者救火军兵的救火不及时而导致火灾更加严重。囿于当时科学技术发展水平及实际情况,南宋临安防火救灾认识及举措的突破依然是值得肯定的。
[Abstract]:In the two Song Dynasty, the fire continued in China, especially in Ling'an as the "line" of the emperor of the Southern Song Dynasty. It was the economic and cultural center of the Southern Song Dynasty. The number of fires occurred in the Southern Song Dynasty. The number of fires occurred in the Southern Song Dynasty. The number of fires in Ling'an was greatly astonishing. According to the statistics, there were more than 90 records of the number of fires. There were more than 10 special fires and other fires, which burned thousands of homes, and the major fires in the series of fires reached about 30 times, and the time of the fire lasted for a few days or even a few days. Some fires almost burned the whole city. In the Southern Song Dynasty, people were "talking about fire". This paper tries to study the fire of Ling'an in Southern Song Dynasty. This article is divided into four parts to analyze the Ling'an fire and related problems in Southern Song Dynasty. The first part is the outline of Ling'an fire in Southern Song Dynasty, analyses the relationship between the two-way function of the fire and the "fire", and introduces the general situation of the first Ling'an fire in the ancient books in the ancient books, and the detailed exposition of Ling'an. The second part is the view of the Ling'an fire disaster and the cause of the disaster in the Southern Song Dynasty. People's understanding of the fire has a certain guiding role on the fire disaster relief, and analyzes the view of the Ling'an fire disaster in the Southern Song Dynasty, that is, the five lines of yin and Yang and the disaster scourge, which can reflect the concept of fire disaster awareness at that time to the fire prevention. The guiding role of disaster relief, at the same time from the natural environment of the disaster factors, the social environment of the disaster factors and other man-made factors in the three aspects of the Southern Song Ling'an fire causes in an all-round and objective analysis, the natural environment, including geographical location, climate conditions, social environment, including building dense, can not reach the need for fire protection between buildings. In addition, the building materials are mainly wood structure and even Ling'an "matting house", with fire widespread and inadvertent fire, the frequent religious affairs, namely, the prosperity of the Buddha and the hidden danger of the Daoist fire, the night market flourish night like daytime, and the combination of all these factors leads to the frequent fire in the Southern Song Dynasty, and the festivals use fire, war, and individual fire in Southern Song Dynasty. The accidental factors of Ling'an fire. The third part is the consciousness and measures of Ling'an in the Southern Song Dynasty. As one of the disasters to deal with in the South Song Dynasty, the fire is one of the disasters to deal with. It needs to take both defensive measures and post disaster relief. Set up a perfect management institution before the disaster, strengthen the construction of Ling'an fire protection infrastructure, strengthen the fireproof ability of Ling'an city; disaster recovery. Take the flexible and effective fire fighting tactics; after the disaster, by the emperor's example, the disaster relief, duty-free, the money Mi Cunxu and other measures to help, in addition to the power of the folk, such as the rich people, the strength of the businessmen is the supplement to the government relief measures. The government relief measures, the civilian disaster relief actions to create conditions for the reconstruction after the disaster, and also conducive to us To understand the ability and wisdom of fire disaster relief in Ling'an in Southern Song Dynasty, perfect and supplement the lack of deep research on Ling'an fire in Southern Song Dynasty. The fourth part is the influence of Ling'an fire in Southern Song Dynasty. The breakthrough and negative influence of fire disaster relief in Southern Song Dynasty Ling'an The fire fighting and rescue methods have a profound understanding, the socialization of the disaster relief force, the higher degree of professionalization of the fire fighting, but also some limitations. The Ling'an fire in the Southern Song Dynasty made the people of the world and the later generations fear the psychology, and through the song and Yuan Dynasties' novels to the Ming and Qing Dynasties, they were constantly handed down and left deeply in the people's texts. In addition, in the Southern Song Dynasty, Ling'an, in view of the multiple fires in the Southern Song Dynasty, made clear the responsibility of the fire officials and the rewards and penalties, but could not cause the fire to be more serious because of the untimely fire rescue of the officials or the fire army soldiers. Limited to the level of scientific and Technological Development and the actual situation at that time, the fire relief and disaster relief in the Southern Song Dynasty was recognized in Ling'an. And the breakthrough of the move is still positive.
【学位授予单位】：辽宁大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：K245
本文编号：2127915
[Abstract]:In the two Song Dynasty, the fire continued in China, especially in Ling'an as the "line" of the emperor of the Southern Song Dynasty. It was the economic and cultural center of the Southern Song Dynasty. The number of fires occurred in the Southern Song Dynasty. The number of fires occurred in the Southern Song Dynasty. The number of fires in Ling'an was greatly astonishing. According to the statistics, there were more than 90 records of the number of fires. There were more than 10 special fires and other fires, which burned thousands of homes, and the major fires in the series of fires reached about 30 times, and the time of the fire lasted for a few days or even a few days. Some fires almost burned the whole city. In the Southern Song Dynasty, people were "talking about fire". This paper tries to study the fire of Ling'an in Southern Song Dynasty. This article is divided into four parts to analyze the Ling'an fire and related problems in Southern Song Dynasty. The first part is the outline of Ling'an fire in Southern Song Dynasty, analyses the relationship between the two-way function of the fire and the "fire", and introduces the general situation of the first Ling'an fire in the ancient books in the ancient books, and the detailed exposition of Ling'an. The second part is the view of the Ling'an fire disaster and the cause of the disaster in the Southern Song Dynasty. People's understanding of the fire has a certain guiding role on the fire disaster relief, and analyzes the view of the Ling'an fire disaster in the Southern Song Dynasty, that is, the five lines of yin and Yang and the disaster scourge, which can reflect the concept of fire disaster awareness at that time to the fire prevention. The guiding role of disaster relief, at the same time from the natural environment of the disaster factors, the social environment of the disaster factors and other man-made factors in the three aspects of the Southern Song Ling'an fire causes in an all-round and objective analysis, the natural environment, including geographical location, climate conditions, social environment, including building dense, can not reach the need for fire protection between buildings. In addition, the building materials are mainly wood structure and even Ling'an "matting house", with fire widespread and inadvertent fire, the frequent religious affairs, namely, the prosperity of the Buddha and the hidden danger of the Daoist fire, the night market flourish night like daytime, and the combination of all these factors leads to the frequent fire in the Southern Song Dynasty, and the festivals use fire, war, and individual fire in Southern Song Dynasty. The accidental factors of Ling'an fire. The third part is the consciousness and measures of Ling'an in the Southern Song Dynasty. As one of the disasters to deal with in the South Song Dynasty, the fire is one of the disasters to deal with. It needs to take both defensive measures and post disaster relief. Set up a perfect management institution before the disaster, strengthen the construction of Ling'an fire protection infrastructure, strengthen the fireproof ability of Ling'an city; disaster recovery. Take the flexible and effective fire fighting tactics; after the disaster, by the emperor's example, the disaster relief, duty-free, the money Mi Cunxu and other measures to help, in addition to the power of the folk, such as the rich people, the strength of the businessmen is the supplement to the government relief measures. The government relief measures, the civilian disaster relief actions to create conditions for the reconstruction after the disaster, and also conducive to us To understand the ability and wisdom of fire disaster relief in Ling'an in Southern Song Dynasty, perfect and supplement the lack of deep research on Ling'an fire in Southern Song Dynasty. The fourth part is the influence of Ling'an fire in Southern Song Dynasty. The breakthrough and negative influence of fire disaster relief in Southern Song Dynasty Ling'an The fire fighting and rescue methods have a profound understanding, the socialization of the disaster relief force, the higher degree of professionalization of the fire fighting, but also some limitations. The Ling'an fire in the Southern Song Dynasty made the people of the world and the later generations fear the psychology, and through the song and Yuan Dynasties' novels to the Ming and Qing Dynasties, they were constantly handed down and left deeply in the people's texts. In addition, in the Southern Song Dynasty, Ling'an, in view of the multiple fires in the Southern Song Dynasty, made clear the responsibility of the fire officials and the rewards and penalties, but could not cause the fire to be more serious because of the untimely fire rescue of the officials or the fire army soldiers. Limited to the level of scientific and Technological Development and the actual situation at that time, the fire relief and disaster relief in the Southern Song Dynasty was recognized in Ling'an. And the breakthrough of the move is still positive.
【学位授予单位】：辽宁大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：K245
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