清初政局与山东汉族士人的政治抉择

发布时间：2018-11-05 21:03

【摘要】：清初,政权更迭,全国政治局势动荡,特别是与满洲起兵之地临近的畿辅及周边地区,这些地区最早历经兵火洗劫,在明季之时便已频繁有之。清政府为了确立其对征服地区的绝对掌控,实施了一系列严苛的民族歧视与压迫政策,并曾一度想要剥夺被汉人视作民族标志的头发、衣制等习俗风尚,使得受其所控之地的汉人承受来自统治者的高压,生活处境十分艰难,无异于身处水火之中,故而汉族民众对清政府的敌视程度渐深。为改变此种境况,清政府将目光投向山东,这不仅因为山东所处地理位置具有重要的经济、军事等战略意义,更是因为其特殊的文化导向功能。圣人孔子出生于此,他一直被尊奉为汉人的文化标识,其后代圣裔自宋代起便袭封衍圣公爵位,故而在汉族士人心中孔子是汉文化的标杆。由此,清政府逐渐认识到山东汉族士人在思想文化领域的重要性,故而对山东汉族士人的重视程度不断加深。山东汉族士人的构成比较复杂,这与他们所处的阶级及政治立场有较大的关系,从他们的政治心态与所作出的政治抉择来看,可以大致分为奉仕清廷、规避清野、先仕而后去官者三大类。受汉民族“华夷之辨”与“夷夏之防”观念的深刻影响,汉族与其他少数民族间的隔膜由来已久,汉族士人将其他民族视作蛮夷,且一直加以防范。清初这一时期,汉人对入主中原实行统治的满族持有一种发自内心的敌视态度,这是汉民族所固有的一种情感,故而他们出于多方考量而做出了不同的政治选择,这势必影响他们的生活、仕途乃至一生的命运。清初山东汉族士人在特殊历史背景下与当权统治的互动中呈现了他们命运的波折与多舛,也折射出两者间的相互作用关系。典型士人身上烙有时代的印记,从他们的一生可以管窥到诸多细节,进而洞察人物命运与政治统治间的纠葛。
[Abstract]:At the beginning of Qing Dynasty, the political situation of the whole country was unstable, especially in the vicinity of the Manchuria. These areas had been ransacked by fire and had been frequent in the next season. In order to establish its absolute control over the conquered areas, the Qing government implemented a series of strict policies of ethnic discrimination and oppression, and once tried to deprive the Han people of their customs such as hair, clothing, and so on. The Han people under their control suffered from the pressure from the rulers, living in a very difficult situation, no less than in the water and fire, so the Han people's hostility to the Qing government has become deeper and deeper. In order to change the situation, the Qing government turned its attention to Shandong, not only because the geographical location of Shandong has important economic, military and other strategic significance, but also because of its special cultural guiding function. The sage Confucius was born here, he was always honored as the cultural symbol of Han people, and his descendant, since the Song Dynasty, has assumed the title of "holy public", so Confucius is the benchmark of Han culture in the Han people's minds. As a result, the Qing government gradually recognized the importance of Shandong Han scholars in the ideological and cultural field, so the degree of attention to Shandong Han scholars has been deepened. The composition of the Han scholars in Shandong is quite complicated, which has a great relationship with their class and political stand. Judging from their political mentality and political choices, they can be roughly divided into the official Qing Dynasty and the Qing Dynasty to avoid the Qing Dynasty. First official and then go to the three major categories of officials. Influenced by the concepts of "the differentiation of China and the Yi Xia" in Han nationality, the separation between Han nationality and other ethnic minorities has a long history. The Han scholars regard other nationalities as barbarians, and have been taking precautions against them all the time. During the early Qing Dynasty, the Han people held a visceral hostility towards the Manchu people who came to rule in the Central Plains, which was an inherent emotion of the Han nationality, so they made different political choices out of various considerations. This is bound to affect their lives, career and even the fate of life. In the early Qing Dynasty, the Han scholars in Shandong showed the twists and turns of their fates in the interaction with the ruling power under the special historical background, and also reflected the interaction between the two. Typical scholars have the imprint of the times, can peep into many details from their lives, and then insight into the entanglement between the fate of characters and political domination.
【学位授予单位】：曲阜师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：K249

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