清朝运城盐政盐税与地方社会
发布时间：2018-12-12 03:11
【摘要】： 在前代盐业发展的基础上,清代运城盐业经济继续获得了长足发展。本文立足于社会史角度,探讨清代运城盐政盐税与地方社会的诸多影响。 运城盐政在清代前期,由于“畦归商种”制度的建立和新的生产方式的创成,运城盐池取得了空前的发展。盐业在当地的经济地位举足轻重。但是到了后期,盐税种类繁多,数额巨大,加上畦地荒芜,盐产量下降,使得许多盐商破产、逃走。运城盐政在清后期呈现商疲民累,课额积欠的危机局面。为了保证盐课的正常缴纳,清廷在运城地区进行改革,着重从盐运、盐销、盐销售区三方面进行改革。总体上来说,清代运城地区从盐运销制度和运销区域进行改革,进而保证了盐课的正常缴纳以及盐税在地方社会的正常运转。 本文从第二章开始,介绍盐课摊归地丁改革,即运城盐人人可自由贩运,免除税钱,将陕西、河南、山西三省盐课摊入地丁征收。在实施过程中,针对河南省地丁与盐课摊入数额比例不平衡的状况,经过三省巡抚会商得到妥善解决。进而保证了盐课的收入,也在很短时间内改变了运城盐课积欠的局面。 由于嘉庆年间银贵钱贱,物价上涨,商人缴纳盐税需要把钱兑换成银,致使商人亏累,纷纷告退。蒙古盐侵入运城运销区域,运城盐实施商运民销改革。为了保障盐税的正常收缴,在运城地区也实行了一系列的促运措施,如把盐课收缴作为地方官员的一项政绩来考核、严禁私盐通行等通过改革,运城盐运销的局面大大改观。 清朝运城盐政都是围绕盐税进行改革的。盐税与地方政务也是息息相关的。盐政与地方社会的影响首先是盐课与运城地方政务的关系。盐课收入是地方财政收入的重要组成部分。清代运城盐课广泛地应用于官员薪俸、养廉、军需、缉私费用、河工建设等方面,对地方社会起着重要的支撑作用。 运城盐在清代的迅速发展对地方社会文化教育体系的建立起着关键作用。盐业经济的发展为地方社会提供了资金支持,使得近代学堂在运城的建立有了坚强后盾。也正是由于盐业经济的发展才使得运城成为河东地区教育文化中心,并且在同类地区中受教育人数位居前列。 运城盐业的发展形成了商业发展的最初形态,并由此而形成的经济、文化的繁荣和盐业巨商,为后来扩展成为晋商奠定的雄厚的资金根基。并且也传承了盐商了经营理念。 总之,清代运城盐政与地方社会政务、经济、教育各个方面均发生着广泛的联系。由盐业而形成的盐税,不仅是政府治理地方的重要财政来源,而且也对地方社会起到深远的影响。与此同时,盐政的改革趋势也受到地方社会的影响。
[Abstract]:On the basis of the development of salt industry in previous dynasties, Yuncheng salt industry economy in Qing Dynasty continued to gain considerable development. Based on the perspective of social history, this paper probes into the influence of salt tax and local society in Yuncheng city in Qing Dynasty. Yuncheng Salt Policy in the early Qing Dynasty, because of the establishment of the system of "border returning to Shang" and the creation of new production methods, Yuncheng Salt Pool achieved unprecedented development. Salt plays an important role in the local economy. But by the end of the year, many salt merchants had gone bankrupt and fled because of the vast variety of salt taxes and the desolation of the furrows and the decline in salt production. Yuncheng Salt Policy in the late Qing Dynasty presented a crisis situation of business fatigue, class debt. In order to ensure the normal payment of salt lessons, the Qing government carried out reform in Yuncheng area, focusing on salt transportation and salt sales area. Generally speaking, Yuncheng area of Qing Dynasty carried on the reform from salt transportation and distribution system and distribution area, thus guaranteed the normal payment of salt lesson and the normal operation of salt tax in the local society. From the second chapter, this paper introduces the reform of salt lessons, that is, everyone in Yuncheng City can freely sell salt, exempt from tax money, and collect salt lessons from Shaanxi, Henan and Shanxi provinces. In the course of implementation, according to the imbalance of the proportion of Diding and salt lesson in Henan Province, the discussion between the three provincial governors has been properly resolved. Thus ensuring the salt class income, but also in a very short period of time to change Yuncheng salt class arrears. Due to the high value of silver and high prices during the Jiaqing years, merchants had to change their money into silver by paying salt tax, which caused them to lose money and quit one after another. Mongolian salt invaded the Yuncheng area of transportation and sales, Yuncheng salt implementation of commercial marketing reform. In order to ensure the normal collection of salt tax, a series of measures were implemented in Yuncheng area to promote the transportation of salt, such as taking the collection of salt lessons as a political achievement of local officials to assess, strictly prohibiting the passage of private salt, etc. Through the reform, the situation of salt transportation and distribution in Yuncheng has been greatly improved. The salt administration of Yuncheng in Qing Dynasty was reformed around salt tax. Salt tax and local government is also closely linked. The influence of salt administration and local society is the relationship between salt lesson and Yuncheng local government. Salt lesson income is an important part of local fiscal revenue. The salt lessons of Yuncheng City in Qing Dynasty are widely used in the aspects of official salary, keeping a clean government, military supplies, anti-smuggling expenses, construction of river workers and so on, which plays an important supporting role in local society. The rapid development of Yuncheng Salt played a key role in the establishment of local social culture and education system in Qing Dynasty. The development of salt industry economy provided financial support for local society, which made the establishment of modern school in Yuncheng strong backing. It is precisely because of the development of salt industry economy that Yuncheng has become an educational and cultural center in Hedong area, and the number of educated people in the same region is in the forefront. The development of Yuncheng salt industry formed the initial form of commercial development, and the prosperity of economy, culture and salt industry formed from it, which laid a solid capital foundation for the later expansion into Shanxi merchants. And also inherited the salt business philosophy. In short, Yuncheng salt government in Qing Dynasty had extensive relations with local social government, economy and education. Salt tax formed by salt industry is not only an important source of finance for local government, but also has a profound influence on local society. At the same time, the trend of salt reform is also affected by local society.
【学位授予单位】：山西大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2010
【分类号】：K249
本文编号：2373792
[Abstract]:On the basis of the development of salt industry in previous dynasties, Yuncheng salt industry economy in Qing Dynasty continued to gain considerable development. Based on the perspective of social history, this paper probes into the influence of salt tax and local society in Yuncheng city in Qing Dynasty. Yuncheng Salt Policy in the early Qing Dynasty, because of the establishment of the system of "border returning to Shang" and the creation of new production methods, Yuncheng Salt Pool achieved unprecedented development. Salt plays an important role in the local economy. But by the end of the year, many salt merchants had gone bankrupt and fled because of the vast variety of salt taxes and the desolation of the furrows and the decline in salt production. Yuncheng Salt Policy in the late Qing Dynasty presented a crisis situation of business fatigue, class debt. In order to ensure the normal payment of salt lessons, the Qing government carried out reform in Yuncheng area, focusing on salt transportation and salt sales area. Generally speaking, Yuncheng area of Qing Dynasty carried on the reform from salt transportation and distribution system and distribution area, thus guaranteed the normal payment of salt lesson and the normal operation of salt tax in the local society. From the second chapter, this paper introduces the reform of salt lessons, that is, everyone in Yuncheng City can freely sell salt, exempt from tax money, and collect salt lessons from Shaanxi, Henan and Shanxi provinces. In the course of implementation, according to the imbalance of the proportion of Diding and salt lesson in Henan Province, the discussion between the three provincial governors has been properly resolved. Thus ensuring the salt class income, but also in a very short period of time to change Yuncheng salt class arrears. Due to the high value of silver and high prices during the Jiaqing years, merchants had to change their money into silver by paying salt tax, which caused them to lose money and quit one after another. Mongolian salt invaded the Yuncheng area of transportation and sales, Yuncheng salt implementation of commercial marketing reform. In order to ensure the normal collection of salt tax, a series of measures were implemented in Yuncheng area to promote the transportation of salt, such as taking the collection of salt lessons as a political achievement of local officials to assess, strictly prohibiting the passage of private salt, etc. Through the reform, the situation of salt transportation and distribution in Yuncheng has been greatly improved. The salt administration of Yuncheng in Qing Dynasty was reformed around salt tax. Salt tax and local government is also closely linked. The influence of salt administration and local society is the relationship between salt lesson and Yuncheng local government. Salt lesson income is an important part of local fiscal revenue. The salt lessons of Yuncheng City in Qing Dynasty are widely used in the aspects of official salary, keeping a clean government, military supplies, anti-smuggling expenses, construction of river workers and so on, which plays an important supporting role in local society. The rapid development of Yuncheng Salt played a key role in the establishment of local social culture and education system in Qing Dynasty. The development of salt industry economy provided financial support for local society, which made the establishment of modern school in Yuncheng strong backing. It is precisely because of the development of salt industry economy that Yuncheng has become an educational and cultural center in Hedong area, and the number of educated people in the same region is in the forefront. The development of Yuncheng salt industry formed the initial form of commercial development, and the prosperity of economy, culture and salt industry formed from it, which laid a solid capital foundation for the later expansion into Shanxi merchants. And also inherited the salt business philosophy. In short, Yuncheng salt government in Qing Dynasty had extensive relations with local social government, economy and education. Salt tax formed by salt industry is not only an important source of finance for local government, but also has a profound influence on local society. At the same time, the trend of salt reform is also affected by local society.
【学位授予单位】：山西大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2010
【分类号】：K249
【引证文献】
相关硕士学位论文 前1条
1 王恒亮;近代陕西盐务研究（1934-1945）[D];陕西师范大学;2012年
，本文编号：2373792
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