西周“三有司”职司研究

发布时间：2018-02-13 07:51

本文关键词： 西周金文官制三有司　出处：《陕西师范大学》2012年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：古代官职制度研究是中国古代史和政治制度史研究的一个重要课题,而作为中国官僚政治滥觞的西周官制的研究是其中重要但薄弱的一个环节。“三有司”作为西周官制中的一个重要内容,又在西周官制的研究与重构中占有重要的地位。先秦文献对西周官制的重构方面发挥的作用是有限的,而战国时期构建的西周官制的重要著作的《周礼》,其出或有所凭,然内容太过杂糅,作为西周制度的研究材料不可尽信。本文利用现有的金文材料,加之前人的研究成果,力图对西周三有司做出较详尽的研究。三有司又称三司,与三有事(或三事)的含义无论在文献还金文中都是不同的。在《尚书》、《诗经》、《逸周书》等传世文献及青铜器铭文中,“三事”是对三种职务的泛称,其所指职务在当时或许是具体的,但今已不可考。三有司是指司土、司马、司工,这点在《盏方彝》中已有明确说明。司是周人特有用词,三有司不见于商代甲骨文。三有司中司土、司工最早见于周初金文,但铭文都未涉及其职司,司马则迟至中期才出现。三有司的频繁出现是在昭穆之后。从这一时期开始,三有司在西周政治舞台上开始发挥重要的作用,且在中后期政治军事地位日益重要。三有司作为政务性官员,其官员多是由具有军事身份的师氏担任的。三有司掌握着城邑人口、农牧生产、军备、军法、建筑等政治军事生活的重要方面,无疑是国家政治生活的核心。而另一方面,作为西周官僚整治中的主体的三有司,其特点——设置的普遍性、官员的文武不分、权力的分层性、职能的专业化——充分体现了西周官僚政治的特点。司徒掌管籍田、虞林、牧等土地生产和民众,从而掌握了国家经济命脉和人口；司马掌管审判诉讼和军政军备,其军政职能出现与军事领导权相结合的倾向；司空主管营建城邑、道路沟渠和祭祀、军事工程的营建。可见三有司官员职能涉及面广且重要,几乎掌握了西周国家政治职能的各主要方面。三有司在西周后期占有重要地位,在春秋战国时期则发生了职能蜕变,各诸侯国三有司的地位、名称亦有不同,而进入秦汉以后,司徒、司马、司空在职能、性质方面已与先秦时期有了很大不同。
[Abstract]:The study of the ancient official system is an important subject in the study of the ancient history of China and the history of the political system. The official system of the Western Zhou Dynasty, as the origin of Chinese bureaucracy, is an important but weak link among them. As an important part of the official system of the Western Zhou Dynasty, "San you Si" is an important part of the official system of the Western Zhou Dynasty. It also plays an important role in the research and reconstruction of the official system of the Western Zhou Dynasty. The pre-Qin literature played a limited role in the reconstruction of the official system of the Western Zhou Dynasty, but the important works of the official system of the Western Zhou Dynasty constructed during the warring States period, "Zhou Li", were produced or justified. However, the content is too mixed, as the system of the Western Zhou Dynasty research materials can not be trusted. This paper uses the existing materials, combined with the previous research results, trying to make a more detailed study of the Western Zhou Dynasty. The meaning of "three things" is different from that of "three things" in the literature and inscriptions on bronze vessels, such as "Shang Shu", "Book of songs", "Yi Zhou Shu" and so on. The position it referred to may have been specific at that time, but it is no longer possible to take an examination of it. The third is to refer to Si Tu, Sima, and Si Gong. This point has been clearly stated in "Zhang Fang Yi". Si is a unique word used by Zhou people. The three divisions were not found in the oracle bone inscriptions of the Shang Dynasty. The three had a division in the department. The division workers were first found in the early Zhou Dynasty, but the inscriptions were not related to their functions. Sima appeared only late in the middle of the period. The frequent appearance of the three divisions was after Zhao Mu. From this period on, The third division began to play an important role in the political stage of the Western Zhou Dynasty, and its political and military status became increasingly important in the middle and late period. As government officials, most of the officials are held by Shi, who has military status. The third is responsible for the important aspects of political and military life, such as population, farming and animal husbandry production, armament, military law, construction and other important aspects of political and military life. Undoubtedly, it is the core of national political life. On the other hand, as the main body of bureaucracy in the Western Zhou Dynasty, the characteristics of the three divisions are the universality of the establishment, the non-division of civil and military affairs among officials, and the stratification of power. The specialization of functions fully reflects the characteristics of bureaucracy in the Western Zhou Dynasty. Stu is in charge of land production and people, such as farmland, Yu Lin and animal husbandry, so as to master the national economic lifeline and population, Sima is in charge of judicial proceedings and military and political armament, and his military and political functions tend to be combined with military leadership. In charge of the construction of cities, roads, ditches and sacrifices, and the construction of military projects, it can be seen that the three functions of officials involved in a wide range of and important, almost master the Western Zhou Dynasty national political functions of the main aspects. During the period of Spring and Autumn and warring States, the functions of the three princes had changed, and the names of them were also different. After entering the Qin and Han dynasties, Si Tun, Sima and Si Kong were in their functions. The nature has been very different from the pre-Qin period.
【学位授予单位】：陕西师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：D092;D691.2

【引证文献】