“民权保障同盟”始末及其思想启迪

发布时间：2018-02-27 13:56

本文关键词： 民权保障同盟宋庆龄民主人权　出处：《上海社会科学院》2012年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：五四时期，陈独秀最初使用的是“人权”、“科学”两面大旗。后来他将人权改为了民主，就成了“德先生”和“赛先生”。这一变动说明了人权概念是可以被民主概念涵盖的，发展人权的同时还要注重发展民主。孙中山提出的“民权主义”（Principles of Democracy）就是要发展民主。但是随着中国革命进程的停滞，民主的发展也遭遇了障碍。蒋介石上台后，推行发动独裁统治，严重损害人权，民主自然也成为空谈。这种情况下，宋庆龄在1932年年底组织成立了“中国民权保障同盟”，其任务就是保障中国的人权，具体表现为争取言论自由和营救被蒋介石非法关押的政治犯，其中大部分是中国共产党党员。面对蒋介石的独裁统治和残酷暗杀，同盟成员不畏艰难，将个人生死置之度外，即使是在同盟解散后仍不遗余力地为争取人权而奋斗。从实践角度而言，同盟的任务有二，一是继承孙中山的民权主义，为实现政治革命而奋斗，因为民权主义是“政治革命的根本”。二是要维护基本的人权不受侵犯，争取言论、出版、结社等基本自由。民权概念在西方译为“civil rights”这是突出民权在人权方面的涵义。另一方面，孙中山把民权视为“people’s power”，这就强调了民权的民主涵义。这两方面的涵义使得民权的保障需要从这两方面共同努力。为了不使国家权力侵犯个人权利，保障人权，就要为争取民主而奋斗。在民主制度下，侵犯人权的情况是很少发生的，人的权利和自由得到充分尊重和保护。在同盟为争取民权奋斗的过程中，，中国共产党一直和它并肩作战，共同反对独裁争取民主。虽然此时的中国共产党还处于局部执政时期。但就在那时，中国共产党已经十分重视民主建设和人权保障，一直到新中国的建立，民主和人权的发展达到了中国历史上史无前例的高度。但是建国后，随着民主建设的倒退，使得人权建设也如履薄冰。直到改革开放之后，一直到新世纪，中国共产党逐步建立起了具有中国特色的人权理论并摸索出了符合国情的民主发展道路，正在继续通过民主法治建设来保障中国的人权。
[Abstract]:During the May 4th Movement, Chen Duxiu initially used "human rights" and "science" two big flags. Later, he changed human rights to democracy, which became "Mr. de" and "Mr. Sai." this change shows that the concept of human rights can be covered by the concept of democracy. While developing human rights, we should also pay attention to the development of democracy. Sun Zhongshan put forward "civil rights doctrine" of democracy. However, with the stagnation of China's revolutionary process, the development of democracy has also encountered obstacles. After Jiang Jieshi came to power, The implementation of dictatorship has seriously damaged human rights, and democracy has naturally become empty talk. Under such circumstances, Song Qingling organized and set up the "China Civil Rights guarantee Alliance" at the end of 1932, whose mission is to protect human rights in China. This is manifested in the struggle for freedom of speech and the rescue of political prisoners illegally detained by Jiang Jieshi, most of whom are members of the Communist Party of China. In the face of Jiang Jieshi's dictatorship and brutal assassination, the members of the League, without fear of hardship, set aside their personal lives and lives. Even after the dissolution of the Alliance, it spared no effort to fight for human rights. From a practical point of view, the Alliance has two tasks: one is to inherit Sun Zhongshan's civil rights doctrine and to strive for a political revolution. The second is to protect the basic human rights and fight for the basic freedoms of speech, press, association and so on. The concept of civil rights is translated as "civil rights" in the West, which highlights the meaning of civil rights in the field of human rights. On the other hand, Sun Zhongshan regards civil rights as "people's power", which emphasizes the democratic meaning of civil rights. These two meanings make the protection of civil rights require joint efforts from these two aspects. In order not to allow state power to infringe on individual rights and protect human rights, In a democratic system, human rights violations are rare and human rights and freedoms are fully respected and protected. In the course of the alliance's struggle for civil rights, the Communist Party of China fought alongside it in opposing dictatorship and fighting for democracy. Although the Communist Party of China was still in power at that time, it was at that time, The Communist Party of China has attached great importance to the construction of democracy and the guarantee of human rights, until the establishment of new China, the development of democracy and human rights has reached an unprecedented height in Chinese history. But after the founding of the people's Republic of China, with the retrogression of democratic construction, The construction of human rights has also been on a thin ice. Until the beginning of reform and opening up, until the new century, the Communist Party of China gradually established the theory of human rights with Chinese characteristics and groped for the path of democratic development suited to the national conditions. We are continuing to safeguard human rights in China through the building of democracy and the rule of law.
【学位授予单位】：上海社会科学院
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：K263;D082

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